A Short Description of each Linux Command / Program / Call / File from its Manual

intro introduction to system calls

sane-epjitsu SANE backend for Epson-based Fujitsu USB scanners.

sane-hp4200 SANE backend for Hewlett-Packard 4200 scanners

The dnssec-trust-anchors.d, systemd.positive, systemd.negative DNSSEC trust anchor configuration files

proc process information pseudo-filesystem

sane-tamarack SANE backend for Tamarack flatbed scanners

libaudit.conf libaudit configuration file

/etc/mailcap.order the mailcap ordering specifications

ext2 the second extended file system
ext3 the third extended file system
ext4 the fourth extended file system

sane-pixma SANE backend for Canon Multi-Function Printers and CanoScan Scanners

snmpd.examples example configuration for the Net-SNMP agent

locale describes a locale definition file

utmp, wtmp login records

sane-hp3500 SANE backend for Hewlett-Packard ScanJet 3500 series scanners

sane-mustek_usb SANE backend for Mustek USB flatbed scanners

depmod.d Configuration directory for depmod

sane-test SANE backend for testing frontends

systemd.unit Unit configuration

tmpfiles.d Configuration for creation, deletion and cleaning of volatile and temporary files

term format of compiled term file.

modprobe.d Configuration directory for modprobe

sane-ma1509 SANE backend for Mustek BearPaw 1200F USB scanner

Starting with version 1.8,

systemd.preset Service enablement presets

dir_colors configuration file for dircolors(1)

modules.dep, modules.dep.bin Module dependency information

sane-mustek_usb2 SANE backend for SQ113 based USB flatbed scanners

intro introduction to file formats and filesystems

motd message of the day

terminfo terminal capability database

discover.conf — configuration file format for discover(1)

protocols protocols definition file

shells pathnames of valid login shells

sane-gphoto2 SANE backend for gphoto2 supported cameras

shadow shadowed password file

proc process information pseudo-filesystem

org.freedesktop.hostname1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-hostnamed

sane-kodak SANE backend for big Kodak flatbed and ADF scanners

modules-load.d Configure kernel modules to load at boot

access.conf the login access control table file

systemd-system.conf, system.conf.d, systemd-user.conf, user.conf.d - System and session service manager configuration files

sane-sp15c SANE backend for Fujitsu ScanPartner 15C flatbed scanner

sane-hp5400 SANE backend for Hewlett-Packard 54XX scanners

user@.service, user-runtime-dir@.service, systemd-user-runtime-dir - System units to start the user manager

systemd.dnssd DNS-SD configuration

sane-magicolor SANE backend for KONICA MINOLTA magicolor scanners

locale.conf Configuration file for locale settings

sane-plustek SANE backend for LM983[1/2/3] based USB flatbed scanners

user@.service, user-runtime-dir@.service, systemd-user-runtime-dir - System units to start the user manager

hosts_access format of host access control files

systemd.network Network configuration

obtains configuration data from the following sources in the following order:

integritytab Configuration for integrity block devices

xorg.conf, xorg.conf.d configuration files for Xorg X server

journald.conf, journald.conf.d, journald@.conf Journal service configuration files

org.freedesktop.machine1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-machined

repertoiremap map symbolic character names to Unicode code points

hosts.equiv list of hosts and users that are granted "trusted" r command access to your system

sane-st400 SANE backend for Siemens ST/Highscan flatbed scanners

resolv.conf resolver configuration file

systemd.target Target unit configuration

org.freedesktop.locale1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-localed

papersize specify preferred paper size

nm-settings-keyfile Description of keyfile settings plugin

systemd.netdev Virtual Network Device configuration

passwd the password file

avahi.service avahi-daemon static service file

discover-modprobe.conf — configuration file for discover-modprobe(5)

realmd.conf Tweak behavior of realmd

sane-hp5590 SANE backend for Hewlett-Packard 4500C/4570C/5500C/5550C/5590/7650 Workgroup/Document scanners

sane-ibm SANE backend for IBM and Ricoh SCSI flatbed scanners

snmp.conf configuration files for the Net-SNMP applications

systemd.resource-control Resource control unit settings

/etc/adduser.conf configuration file for adduser(8) and addgroup(8)

sysfs a filesystem for exporting kernel objects

rpc RPC program number data base

systemd.swap Swap unit configuration

user-dirs.conf configuration for xdg-user-dirs-update

mib2c.conf How to write mib2c.conf files to do ANYTHING based on MIB input.

nsswitch.conf Name Service Switch configuration file

systemd.exec Execution environment configuration

timesyncd.conf, timesyncd.conf.d Network Time Synchronization configuration files

/etc/network/interfaces network interface configuration for ifup and ifdown

org.freedesktop.portable1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-portabled

kernel-img.conf configuration file for Linux kernel packages

org.freedesktop.import1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-importd

mke2fs.conf Configuration file for mke2fs

NetworkManager.conf NetworkManager configuration file

faillog login failure logging file

acct process accounting file

sane-genesys SANE backend for GL646, GL841, GL843, GL847 and GL124 based USB flatbed scanners

journald.conf, journald.conf.d, journald@.conf Journal service configuration files

sane-ricoh SANE backend for Ricoh flatbed scanners

os-release, initrd-release, extension-release Operating system identification

sane-sharp SANE backend for SHARP scanners

pipewire.conf The PipeWire server configuration file

keymaps keyboard table descriptions for loadkeys and dumpkeys

networkd.conf, networkd.conf.d Global Network configuration files

issue prelogin message and identification file

logind.conf, logind.conf.d Login manager configuration files

termcap terminal capability database

sane-leo SANE backend for LEO Technologies scanners

/etc/deluser.conf configuration file for deluser(8) and delgroup(8).

cupsd-logs cupsd log files (access_log, error_log, and page_log)

elf format of Executable and Linking Format (ELF) files

nm-settings-nmcli Description of settings and properties of NetworkManager connection profiles for nmcli

sane-epson SANE backend for EPSON scanners

ucf.conf site-wide configuration file for ucf

geoclue.conf geoclue configuration parameters

hosts static table lookup for hostnames

networks network name information

sane-mustek_pp SANE backend for Mustek parallel port flatbed scanners

sane-s9036 SANE backend for Siemens 9036 flatbed scanners

Compose X client mappings for multi-key input sequences

sane-dll SANE dynamic backend loader

utmp, wtmp login records

mailto.conf configuration file for cups email notifier

sane-epson2 SANE backend for EPSON scanners

sane-teco3 SANE backend for TECO / RELISYS scanners

user@.service, user-runtime-dir@.service, systemd-user-runtime-dir - System units to start the user manager

IBUS dconf database file for IBus

services Internet network services list

NetworkManager.conf NetworkManager configuration file

pstore.conf, pstore.conf.d PStore configuration file

sane-net SANE network backend

udisks2.conf The udisks2 configuration file

ext2 the second extended file system
ext3 the third extended file system
ext4 the fourth extended file system

sane-kvs1025 SANE backend for Panasonic KV-S102xC USB ADF scanners.

pam_env.conf, environment the environment variables config files

fonts.conf Font configuration files

console-setup configuration file for setupcon

apt_auth.conf Login configuration file for APT sources and proxies

systemd.link Network device configuration

mime.types mime type description file for cups

snmp.conf snmp configuration file for cups (deprecated)

sane-u12 SANE backend for Plustek USB flatbed scanners, based on older parport designs

namespace.conf the namespace configuration file

resolv.conf resolver configuration file

initramfs.conf configuration file for mkinitramfs

machine-info Local machine information file

sane-canon630u SANE backend for the Canon 630u USB flatbed scanner

apt.conf Configuration file for APT

localtime Local timezone configuration file

sane-airscan SANE backend for AirScan (eSCL) and WSD scanners and MFP

os-release, initrd-release, extension-release Operating system identification

sane-pieusb SANE backend for USB-connected PIE PowerSlide and Reflecta DigitDia/CrystalScan/ProScan slide scanners

systemd.path Path unit configuration

sane-teco1 SANE backend for TECO / RELISYS scanners

sane-as6e SANE backend for using the Artec AS6E parallel port interface scanner.

org.freedesktop.systemd1 The D-Bus interface of systemd

timesyncd.conf, timesyncd.conf.d Network Time Synchronization configuration files

sane-umax SANE backend for UMAX scanners

systemd-sleep.conf, sleep.conf.d Suspend and hibernation configuration file

sane-pie SANE backend for PIE, Devcom and AdLib SCSI flatbed scanners

tzfile timezone information

sane-coolscan2 SANE backend for Nikon Coolscan film scanners

sane-dc210 SANE backend for Kodak DC210 Digital Camera

This manual page describes POSIX Access Control Lists, which are used to define more fine-grained discretionary access rights for files and directories.

cups-files.conf file and directory configuration file for cups

Starting with version 1.9.0,

pkcs11.conf Configuration files for PKCS#11 modules

sane-hp3900 SANE backend for RTS8822 chipset based scanners

ispell format of ispell dictionaries and affix files

ppdcfile cups ppd compiler source file format (deprecated)

hostname Local hostname configuration file

sane-umax1220u SANE backend for the UMAX Astra 1220U and similar scanners

snmpd.internal internal configuration of the Net-SNMP agent

time.conf configuration file for the pam_time module

crontab tables for driving cron

binfmt.d Configure additional binary formats for executables at boot

host.conf resolver configuration file

org.freedesktop.login1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-logind

regulatory.bin, regulatory.db The Linux wireless regulatory database

logind.conf, logind.conf.d Login manager configuration files

utmp, wtmp login records

sane-mustek SANE backend for Mustek SCSI flatbed scanners (and some other devices)

libnftables-json Supported JSON schema by libnftables

sane-hp SANE backend for HP ScanJet scanners

sane-canon_dr SANE backend for Canon DR-series scanners

sane-pnm SANE PNM image reader pseudo-backend

sane-canon_pp SANE backend for Canon CanoScan Parallel Port flatbed scanners

Compose X client mappings for multi-key input sequences

ttytype terminal device to default terminal type mapping

sane-canon_lide70 SANE backend for the Canon LiDE 70 and 600(F) USB flatbed scanners

sane-hs2p SANE backend for Ricoh SCSI flatbed/ADF scanners

sane-lexmark SANE backend for Lexmark X1100/X1200 Series scanners

mailcap metamail capabilities file

sane-qcam SANE backend for Connectix QuickCam cameras

sane-microtek2 SANE backend for Microtek scanners with SCSI-2 command set

sane-epsonds SANE backend for EPSON ESC/I-2 scanners

Xsession.options, Xsession.options.d configuration options for Xsession(5)

fstab static information about the filesystems

dhcp-options Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol options

e2fsck.conf Configuration file for e2fsck

sources.list List of configured APT data sources

sysusers.d Declarative allocation of system users and groups

nss Name Service Switch configuration file

sane-dc240 SANE backend for Kodak DC240 Digital Camera

/etc/modules kernel modules to load at boot time

pam.conf, pam.d PAM configuration files

sane-hpljm1005 SANE backend for Hewlett-Packard LaserJet M1005 MFP Scanner

sane-dc25 SANE backend for Kodak DC20/DC25 Digital Cameras

terminal-colors.d configure output colorization for various utilities

repart.d Partition Definition Files for Automatic Boot-Time Repartitioning

subuid the configuration for subordinate user ids

Generic init.d script framework to reduce the redundant code in

dhcp-eval ISC DHCP conditional evaluation

adjtime_config information about hardware clock setting and drift factor

modules.dep, modules.dep.bin Module dependency information

pam.conf, pam.d PAM configuration files

/etc/anacrontab configuration file for anacron

sane-cardscan SANE backend for Corex CardScan usb scanners

printers.conf printer configuration file for cups

ext2 the second extended file system
ext3 the third extended file system
ext4 the fourth extended file system

avahi-daemon.conf avahi-daemon configuration file

sane-gt68xx SANE backend for GT-68XX based USB flatbed scanners

sane-matsushita SANE backend for Panasonic KV-SS high speed scanners

dnssec-trust-anchors.d, systemd.positive, systemd.negative DNSSEC trust anchor configuration files

hwclock settings that affect the behaviour of the hwclock init script

locale.gen Configuration file for locale-gen

update-initramfs.conf configuration file for update-initramfs

machine-id Local machine ID configuration file

ldap.conf, .ldaprc LDAP configuration file/environment variables

systemd.slice Slice unit configuration

systemd.kill Process killing procedure configuration

group.conf configuration file for the pam_group module

00-upstream-settings dconf configuration file

sane-microtek SANE backend for Microtek scanners

dnssec-trust-anchors.d, systemd.positive, systemd.negative DNSSEC trust anchor configuration files

scr_dump format of curses screen-dumps.

veritytab Configuration for verity block devices

sane-rts8891 SANE backend for rts8891 based scanners

sane-snapscan SANE backend for AGFA SnapScan flatbed scanners

tmpfs a virtual memory filesystem

sane-kodakaio SANE backend for Kodak aio printer / scanners

journald.conf, journald.conf.d, journald@.conf Journal service configuration files

sane-canon SANE backend for Canon SCSI scanners

udev.conf Configuration for device event managing daemon

sane-plustek_pp SANE backend for Plustek parallel port flatbed scanners

systemd-system.conf, system.conf.d, systemd-user.conf, user.conf.d - System and session service manager configuration files

user-dirs.dirs settings for XDG user dirs

sane-hpsj5s SANE backend for HP ScanJet 5S sheet-fed scanner

cupsd.conf server configuration file for cups

mime.convs mime type conversion file for cups (deprecated)

rygel.conf Rygel configuration file

subscriptions.conf subscription configuration file for cups

sepermit.conf configuration file for the pam_sepermit module

sane-coolscan SANE backend for Nikon film-scanners

libao.conf configuration for libao.

systemd.mount Mount unit configuration

wpa_supplicant.conf configuration file for wpa_supplicant

sane-avision SANE backend for Avision branded and Avision OEM (HP, Minolta, Mitsubishi, UMAX and possibly more) flatbed and film scanners.

sane-teco2 SANE backend for TECO / RELISYS scanners

american-english a list of English words

filesystems Linux filesystem types: ext, ext2, ext3, ext4, hpfs, iso9660, JFS, minix, msdos, ncpfs nfs, ntfs, proc, Reiserfs, smb, sysv, umsdos, vfat, XFS, xiafs

Xsession initialize X session

hosts_access format of host access control files

systemd.automount Automount unit configuration

sane-escl SANE backend for eSCL scanners

hosts_options host access control language extensions

sane-ricoh2 SANE backend for Ricoh flatbed scanners

networkd.conf, networkd.conf.d Global Network configuration files

sane-dmc SANE backend for the Polaroid Digital Microscope Camera

sane-bh SANE backend for Bell+Howell Copiscan II series document scanners

pci.ids list of known identifiers related to PCI devices

nanorc GNU nano's configuration file

gai.conf getaddrinfo(3) configuration file

classes.conf class configuration file for cups

semanage.conf global configuration file for the SELinux Management library

systemd-sleep.conf, sleep.conf.d Suspend and hibernation configuration file

snmp_config handling of Net-SNMP configuration files

This manual page documents the format of magic files as used by the

sane-sm3840 SANE backend for Microtek scanners with SCAN08 USB chip

user_caps user-defined terminfo capabilities

systemd.device Device unit configuration

sane-sm3600 SANE backend for Microtek scanners with M011 USB chip

systemd.service Service unit configuration

subgid the configuration for subordinate group ids

systemd-system.conf, system.conf.d, systemd-user.conf, user.conf.d - System and session service manager configuration files

sane-sceptre SANE backend for SCEPTRE scanners

client.conf client configuration file for cups (deprecated on macos)

securetty list of terminals on which root is allowed to login

user-dirs.defaults default settings for XDG user dirs

sane-niash SANE backend for scanners based on the NIASH chipset

sane-umax_pp SANE backend for Umax Astra parallel port flatbed scanners

sane-kvs40xx SANE backend for Panasonic KV-S40xxC USB/SCSI ADF scanners.

pstore.conf, pstore.conf.d PStore configuration file

sane-usb USB configuration tips for SANE

variables Format of specifying variable names to SNMP tools.

sane-stv680 SANE backend for STV680 camera's

Xorg.wrap Xorg X server binary wrapper

xorg.conf, xorg.conf.d configuration files for Xorg X server

dhclient.leases DHCP client lease database

sysctl.conf sysctl preload/configuration file

group user group file

dhclient.conf DHCP client configuration file

sane-p5 SANE backend for the Primax PagePartner

slabinfo kernel slab allocator statistics

ipptoolfile ipptool file format

sysctl.d Configure kernel parameters at boot

sane-artec_eplus48u SANE backend for the scanner Artec E+ 48U and re-badged models

reportbug.conf The configuration file for reportbug

systemd.timer Timer unit configuration

filesystems Linux filesystem types: ext, ext2, ext3, ext4, hpfs, iso9660, JFS, minix, msdos, ncpfs nfs, ntfs, proc, Reiserfs, smb, sysv, umsdos, vfat, XFS, xiafs

sane-artec SANE backend for Artec flatbed scanners

hosts_access format of host access control files

sane-xerox_mfp SANE backend for Xerox Phaser 3200MFP device et al.

org.freedesktop.timedate1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-timedated

environment.d Definition of user service environment

sane-coolscan3 SANE backend for Nikon Coolscan film scanners

keyboard keyboard configuration file

systemd-system.conf, system.conf.d, systemd-user.conf, user.conf.d - System and session service manager configuration files

avahi.hosts avahi-daemon static host name file

core core dump file

nologin prevent unprivileged users from logging into the system

limits.conf configuration file for the pam_limits module

org.freedesktop.network1 The D-Bus interface of systemd-networkd

os-release, initrd-release, extension-release Operating system identification

gshadow shadowed group file

libsasl authentication library

sane-kvs20xx SANE backend for Panasonic KV-S20xxC USB/SCSI ADF scanners

sane-agfafocus SANE backend for AGFA Focus flatbed scanners

org.freedesktop.LogControl1 D-Bus interface to query and set logging configuration

faillock.conf pam_faillock configuration file

Xsession.options, Xsession.options.d configuration options for Xsession(5)

charmap character set description file

cups-browsed.conf server configuration file for cups-browsed

systemd.scope Scope unit configuration

systemd.socket Socket unit configuration

sane-scsi SCSI adapter tips for scanners

apt_preferences Preference control file for APT

manpath format of the /etc/manpath.config file

sane-fujitsu SANE backend for Fujitsu flatbed and ADF scanners

sane-apple SANE backend for Apple flatbed scanners

sane-nec SANE backend for NEC scanners

sane-abaton SANE backend for Abaton flatbed scanners

nm-settings-nmcli Description of settings and properties of NetworkManager connection profiles for nmcli

mem, kmem, port system memory, kernel memory and system ports

vcs, vcsa virtual console memory

lp line printer devices

ptmx, pts pseudoterminal master and slave

initrd boot loader initialized RAM disk

fbdev video driver for framebuffer device

intro introduction to special files

cpuid x86 CPUID access device

wacom Wacom input driver

random, urandom kernel random number source devices

st SCSI tape device

full always full device

radeon ATI/AMD RADEON video driver

sd driver for SCSI disk drives

lirc lirc devices

loop, loop-control loop devices

vmware VMware SVGA video driver

random, urandom kernel random number source devices

mem, kmem, port system memory, kernel memory and system ports

exa new 2D acceleration architecture for X.Org

cciss HP Smart Array block driver

vesa Generic VESA video driver

dsp56k DSP56001 interface device

hpsa HP Smart Array SCSI driver

msr x86 CPU MSR access device

tty controlling terminal

amdgpu AMD RADEON GPU video driver

mouse serial mouse interface

null, zero data sink

libinput libinput-based X.Org input driver

modesetting video driver for framebuffer device

ptmx, pts pseudoterminal master and slave

console_codes Linux console escape and control sequences

intel-virtual-output Utility for connecting the Integrated Intel GPU to discrete outputs

rtc real-time clock

wavelan AT&T GIS WaveLAN ISA device driver

fbdevhw os-specific submodule for framebuffer device access

ati ATI video driver

nouveau NVIDIA video driver

hd MFM/IDE hard disk devices

inputtest An X.Org input driver for testing

null, zero data sink

veth Virtual Ethernet Device

loop, loop-control loop devices

intel Intel integrated graphics chipsets

ttyS serial terminal lines

vcs, vcsa virtual console memory

fuse Filesystem in Userspace (FUSE) device

ram ram disk device

smartpqi Microsemi Smart Family SCSI driver

procps API to access system level information in the /proc filesystem

bindtextdomain set directory containing message catalogs

ngettext, dngettext, dcngettext translate message and choose plural form

readline get a line from a user with editing

bind_textdomain_codeset set encoding of message translations

gettext, dgettext, dcgettext translate message

history GNU History Library

procps_pids API to access process information in the /proc filesystem

intro introduction to library functions

libnftables nftables frontend library

textdomain set domain for future gettext() calls

gettext, dgettext, dcgettext translate message

libnetlink A library for accessing the netlink service

gettext, dgettext, dcgettext translate message

procps_misc API for miscellaneous information in the /proc filesystem

ngettext, dngettext, dcngettext translate message and choose plural form

tipc a TIPC configuration and management tool

pam_timestamp_check Check to see if the default timestamp is valid

tipc-bearer show or modify TIPC bearers

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

lslocks list local system locks

blkid locate/print block device attributes

systemd-journald.service, systemd-journald.socket, systemd-journald-dev-log.socket, systemd-journald-audit.socket, systemd-journald@.service, systemd-journald@.socket, systemd-journald-varlink@.socket, systemd-journald Journal service

sfq Stochastic Fairness Queueing

pam_localuser require users to be listed in /etc/passwd

CBS Credit Based Shaper (CBS) Qdisc

systemd-hostnamed.service, systemd-hostnamed Daemon to control system hostname from programs

PIE Proportional Integral controller-Enhanced AQM algorithm

pam_deny The locking-out PAM module

grpck verify integrity of group files

systemd-user-sessions.service, systemd-user-sessions Permit user logins after boot, prohibit user logins at shutdown

umount.udisks2 unmount file systems that have been mounted by UDisks2

cgroup control group based traffic control filter

ntfs-3g Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver

systemd-udevd.service, systemd-udevd-control.socket, systemd-udevd-kernel.socket, systemd-udevd Device event managing daemon

pam_issue PAM module to add issue file to user prompt

drr deficit round robin scheduler

pidof find the process ID of a running program

rtcwake enter a system sleep state until specified wakeup time

lpadmin configure cups printers and classes

tipc-socket show TIPC socket (port) information

systemd-hibernate-resume@.service, systemd-hibernate-resume Resume from hibernation

rdma-system RDMA subsystem configuration

nss-systemd, libnss_systemd.so.2 UNIX user and group name resolution for user/group lookup via Varlink

discover-pkginstall — intsall packages for available hardware using discover(1)

ip-netns process network namespace management

ifup bring a network interface up

skbprio SKB Priority Queue

apache2 Apache Hypertext Transfer Protocol Server

BPF BPF programmable classifier and actions for ingress/egress queueing disciplines

zramctl set up and control zram devices

tunnel_key Tunnel metadata manipulation

mkfs.cramfs make compressed ROM file system

tbf Token Bucket Filter

skbmod user-friendly packet editor action

ntfs-3g Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver

tzselect select a timezone

mkntfs create an NTFS file system

radius.so RADIUS authentication plugin for pppd(8)

e2fsck check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

sulogin single-user login

setlogcons Send kernel messages to console N

pam_namespace_helper Helper binary that creates home directories

faillog display faillog records or set login failure limits

systemd-update-utmp.service, systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service, systemd-update-utmp Write audit and utmp updates at bootup, runlevel changes and shutdown

systemd-logind.service, systemd-logind Login manager

vipw, vigr edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file

fatlabel set or get MS-DOS filesystem label or volume ID

pam_faildelay Change the delay on failure per-application

pam_tty_audit Enable or disable TTY auditing for specified users

pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv convert to and from shadow passwords and groups

addpart tell the kernel about the existence of a partition

systemd-update-utmp.service, systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service, systemd-update-utmp Write audit and utmp updates at bootup, runlevel changes and shutdown

MQPRIO Multiqueue Priority Qdisc (Offloaded Hardware QOS)

cupsdisable, cupsenable stop/start printers and classes

tc show / manipulate traffic control settings

mke2fs create an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

ld.so, ld-linux.so dynamic linker/loader

apt-config APT Configuration Query program

sfdisk display or manipulate a disk partition table

ip-link network device configuration

systemd-timesyncd.service, systemd-timesyncd Network Time Synchronization

pam_lastlog PAM module to display date of last login and perform inactive account lock out

udevadm udev management tool

mandb create or update the manual page index caches

systemd-networkd-wait-online.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online@.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online - Wait for network to come online

mkfs.fat create an MS-DOS FAT filesystem

synaptic graphical management of software packages

grub-reboot set the default boot entry for GRUB, for the next boot only

ldattach attach a line discipline to a serial line

ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts

blkdiscard discard sectors on a device

pam_debug PAM module to debug the PAM stack

plymouthd The plymouth daemon

systemd-initctl.service, systemd-initctl.socket, systemd-initctl - /dev/initctl compatibility

dump.exfat Show on-disk information of exfat filesystem

fsck.fat check and repair MS-DOS FAT filesystems

swapon, swapoff enable/disable devices and files for paging and swapping

devlink-trap devlink trap configuration

unix_update Helper binary that updates the password of a given user

kmod Program to manage Linux Kernel modules

arpd userspace arp daemon.

NetworkManager-dispatcher Dispatch user scripts for NetworkManager

wpa_cli WPA command line client

ModemManager mobile broadband modem management daemon

systemd-halt.service, systemd-poweroff.service, systemd-reboot.service, systemd-kexec.service, systemd-shutdown System shutdown logic

rmt remote magnetic tape server

ip-macsec MACsec device configuration

e2image Save critical ext2/ext3/ext4 file system metadata to a file

update-catalog create or update entry in SGML catalog file

grub-bios-setup set up a device to boot using GRUB

ntfs-3g.probe Probe an NTFS volume mountability

ifup bring a network interface up

agetty alternative Linux getty

setfont load EGA/VGA console screen font

fsck.fat check and repair MS-DOS FAT filesystems

dirmngr GnuPG's network access daemon

systemd-rfkill.service, systemd-rfkill.socket, systemd-rfkill Load and save the RF kill switch state at boot and change

systemd-pcrphase.service, systemd-pcrphase-sysinit.service, systemd-pcrphase-initrd.service, systemd-pcrphase Measure boot phase into TPM2 PCR 11

exfatlabel Get or Set volume label or volume serial of an exFAT filesystem

systemd-machine-id-commit.service Commit a transient machine ID to disk

lpmove move a job or all jobs to a new destination

nm-initrd-generator early boot NetworkManager configuration generator

cupsfilter convert a file to another format using cups filters (deprecated)

mkfs.bfs make an SCO bfs filesystem

lpinfo show available devices or drivers (deprecated)

pam_nologin Prevent non-root users from login

systemd-debug-generator Generator for enabling a runtime debug shell and masking specific units at boot

systemd-fsck@.service, systemd-fsck-root.service, systemd-fsck-usr.service, systemd-fsck File system checker logic

findfs find a filesystem by label or UUID

systemd-halt.service, systemd-poweroff.service, systemd-reboot.service, systemd-kexec.service, systemd-shutdown System shutdown logic

ip-tcp_metrics management for TCP Metrics

dnsmasq A lightweight DHCP and caching DNS server.

rtkitctl Realtime Policy and Watchdog daemon control

ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts

devlink-resource devlink device resource configuration

accessdb dumps the content of a man-db database in a human readable format

dcb-ets show / manipulate ETS (Enhanced Transmission Selection) settings of the DCB (Data Center Bridging) subsystem

systemd-fsckd.service, systemd-fsckd.socket, systemd-fsckd File system check progress reporting

vdpa-dev vdpa management device view

exfat2img dump metadata of an exFAT filesystem

ntfsdecrypt decrypt or update NTFS files encrypted according to EFS

systemd-sysctl.service, systemd-sysctl Configure kernel parameters at boot

mkswap set up a Linux swap area

dumpe2fs dump ext2/ext3/ext4 file system information

ETS Enhanced Transmission Selection scheduler

ntfs-3g Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver

ip-addrlabel protocol address label management

filefrag report on file fragmentation

mke2fs create an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

CAKE Common Applications Kept Enhanced (CAKE)

update-fonts-scale generate fonts.scale files

connmark netfilter connmark retriever action

CBQ Class Based Queueing

ip-tunnel tunnel configuration

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

systemd-cryptsetup-generator Unit generator for /etc/crypttab

NetworkManager network management daemon

intro introduction to administration and privileged commands

pam_limits PAM module to limit resources

systemd-tmpfiles, systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service, systemd-tmpfiles-setup-dev.service, systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service, systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer Creates, deletes and cleans up volatile and temporary files and directories

paperconfig configure the system default paper size

pam_namespace PAM module for configuring namespace for a session

devlink Devlink tool

pppd Point-to-Point Protocol Daemon

setcap set file capabilities

nft Administration tool of the nftables framework for packet filtering and classification

bluetooth-meshd Bluetooth Mesh daemon

systemd-quotacheck.service, systemd-quotacheck File system quota checker logic

udisks Disk Manager

e2mmpstatus Check MMP status of an ext4 file system

flow flow based traffic control filter

ip-netconf network configuration monitoring

anacron runs commands periodically

im-config set up input method framework configuration

p11-kit Tool for operating on configured PKCS#11 modules

apt-mark show, set and unset various settings for a package

systemd-sysext, systemd-sysext.service Activates System Extension Images

snmp cups snmp backend (deprecated)

rdma-link rdma link configuration

systemd-udevd.service, systemd-udevd-control.socket, systemd-udevd-kernel.socket, systemd-udevd Device event managing daemon

iw show / manipulate wireless devices and their configuration

systemd-timedated.service, systemd-timedated Time and date bus mechanism

systemd-pcrphase.service, systemd-pcrphase-sysinit.service, systemd-pcrphase-initrd.service, systemd-pcrphase Measure boot phase into TPM2 PCR 11

badblocks search a device for bad blocks

skbedit SKB editing action

setarch change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags

pam_warn PAM module which logs all PAM items if called

iwlist Get more detailed wireless information from a wireless interface

update-ca-certificates update /etc/ssl/certs and ca-certificates.crt

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

lsof list open files

lsmod Show the status of modules in the Linux Kernel

modprobe Add and remove modules from the Linux Kernel

systemd-getty-generator Generator for enabling getty instances on the console

pam_stress The stress-testing PAM module

pfifo Packet limited First In, First Out queue

pam_rhosts The rhosts PAM module

pppoe-discovery perform PPPoE discovery

biosdecode BIOS information decoder

apt-cdrom APT CD-ROM management utility

ntfscat print NTFS files and streams on the standard output

cracklib-format, cracklib-packer, cracklib-unpacker cracklib dictionary utilities

systemd-rc-local-generator, rc-local.service Compatibility generator and service to start /etc/rc.local during boot

tipc-media list or modify media properties

cppw, cpgr copy with locking the given file to the password or group file

pppdump convert PPP record file to readable format

As compiled locales are large, only templates are distributed in the default

cfdisk display or manipulate a disk partition table

update-shells update the list of valid login shells

getkeycodes print kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table

e2fsck check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

cracklib-format, cracklib-packer, cracklib-unpacker cracklib dictionary utilities

rdma RDMA tool

route route traffic control filter

tipc-peer modify peer information

systemd-ask-password-console.service, systemd-ask-password-console.path, systemd-ask-password-wall.service, systemd-ask-password-wall.path Query the user for system passwords on the console and via wall

setarch change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags

systemd-networkd-wait-online.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online@.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online - Wait for network to come online

CoDel Fair Queuing (FQ) with Controlled Delay (CoDel)

mkntfs create an NTFS file system

runlevel Print previous and current SysV runlevel

setkeycodes load kernel scancode-to-keycode mapping table entries

systemd-repart, systemd-repart.service Automatically grow and add partitions

mke2fs create an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

fixparts MBR partition table repair utility

lnstat unified linux network statistics

pam_faillock Module counting authentication failures during a specified interval

ntfsls list directory contents on an NTFS filesystem

fsck check and repair a Linux filesystem

fatlabel set or get MS-DOS filesystem label or volume ID

pam_wheel Only permit root access to members of group wheel

systemd-networkd.service, systemd-networkd Network manager

fstrim discard unused blocks on a mounted filesystem

mapscrn load screen output mapping table

groupadd create a new group

dcb-maxrate show / manipulate port maxrate settings of the DCB (Data Center Bridging) subsystem

lsusb list USB devices

update-fonts-alias compile fonts.alias files

service run a System V init script

cracklib-check Check passwords using libcrack2

mount mount a filesystem

iwspy Get wireless statistics from specific nodes

pam_sepermit PAM module to allow/deny login depending on SELinux enforcement state

fsck.exfat check an exFAT filesystem

zic timezone compiler

invoke-rc.d executes System-V style init script actions

groupmod modify a group definition on the system

setarch change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags

isosize output the length of an iso9660 filesystem

systemd-suspend.service, systemd-hibernate.service, systemd-hybrid-sleep.service, systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service, systemd-sleep System sleep state logic

ipp-usb Daemon for IPP over USB printer support

ip-token tokenized interface identifier support

realm Manage enrollment in realms

fsck.minix check consistency of Minix filesystem

ip-fou Foo-over-UDP receive port configuration

ntfscp copy file to an NTFS volume.

ntfsclone Efficiently clone, image, restore or rescue an NTFS

xt tc iptables action

update-pciids download new version of the PCI ID list

pppstats print PPP statistics

pwck verify the integrity of password files

nss-myhostname, libnss_myhostname.so.2 Hostname resolution for the locally configured system hostname

grub-probe probe device information for GRUB

ntfsprogs tools for doing neat things with NTFS

vcstime Show time in upper right hand corner of the console screen

iwconfig configure a wireless network interface

ip-neighbour neighbour/arp tables management.

update-locale Modify global locale settings

systemd-importd.service, systemd-importd VM and container image import and export service

pedit generic packet editor action

systemd-halt.service, systemd-poweroff.service, systemd-reboot.service, systemd-kexec.service, systemd-shutdown System shutdown logic

csum checksum update action

systemd-suspend.service, systemd-hibernate.service, systemd-hybrid-sleep.service, systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service, systemd-sleep System sleep state logic

systemd-cryptsetup@.service, systemd-cryptsetup Full disk decryption logic

tipc-link show links or modify link properties

userdel delete a user account and related files

ntfscluster identify files in a specified region of an NTFS volume.

is used by

nss-myhostname, libnss_myhostname.so.2 Hostname resolution for the locally configured system hostname

grub-macbless bless a mac file/directory

mirred mirror/redirect action

lnstat unified linux network statistics

savelog save a log file

agetty alternative Linux getty

systemd-socket-proxyd Bidirectionally proxy local sockets to another (possibly remote) socket

gdisk Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator

pam_shells PAM module to check for valid login shell

groupmems administer members of a users primary group

killall5 send a signal to all processes

cupsaccept/cupsreject accept/reject jobs sent to a destination

ip-nexthop nexthop object management

ntfs-3g Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver

nft Administration tool of the nftables framework for packet filtering and classification

e2label Change the label on an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

update-passwd safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group

PRIO Priority qdisc

delpart tell the kernel to forget about a partition

systemd-hibernate-resume-generator Unit generator for resume= kernel parameter

systemd-binfmt.service, systemd-binfmt Configure additional binary formats for executables at boot

pam_mail Inform about available mail

switch_root switch to another filesystem as the root of the mount tree

wpa_background Background information on Wi-Fi Protected Access and IEEE 802.11i

devlink-region devlink address region access

systemd-logind.service, systemd-logind Login manager

catman create or update the pre-formatted manual pages

swaplabel print or change the label or UUID of a swap area

dhclient Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client

mkfs.fat create an MS-DOS FAT filesystem

loadunimap load the kernel unicode-to-font mapping table

lsinitramfs list content of an initramfs image

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

systemd-fsck@.service, systemd-fsck-root.service, systemd-fsck-usr.service, systemd-fsck File system checker logic

tune2fs adjust tunable file system parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 file systems

FQ-PIE Flow Queue Proportional Integral controller Enhanced

iucode_tool Tool to manipulate Intel® IA-32/X86-64 microcode bundles

u32 universal 32bit traffic control filter

tc-stab Generic size table manipulations

systemd-pstore.service, systemd-pstore A service to archive contents of pstore

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

halt, poweroff, reboot Halt, power-off or reboot the machine

ifup bring a network interface up

apt-get APT package handling utility -- command-line interface

systemd-random-seed.service, systemd-random-seed Load and save the system random seed at boot and shutdown

sysctl configure kernel parameters at runtime

vdpa-dev vdpa device configuration

e2scrub check the contents of a mounted ext[234] file system

adduser.local, deluser.local hook for local actions in adduser and deluser

edits the

blkzone run zone command on a device

systemd-timesyncd.service, systemd-timesyncd Network Time Synchronization

unix_chkpwd Helper binary that verifies the password of the current user

lsblk list block devices

kernel-install Add and remove kernel and initrd images to and from /boot

is a high-performance log server that accepts event and I/O logs from

chmem configure memory

systemd-rfkill.service, systemd-rfkill.socket, systemd-rfkill Load and save the RF kill switch state at boot and change

systemd-modules-load.service, systemd-modules-load Load kernel modules at boot

can be used to send the existing

devlink-sb devlink shared buffer configuration

addgnupghome Create .gnupg home directories

basic basic traffic control filter

pam-auth-update manage PAM configuration using packaged profiles

devlink-health devlink health reporting and recovery

systemd-backlight@.service, systemd-backlight Load and save the display backlight brightness at boot and shutdown

plays back or lists the output logs created by

rmmod Simple program to remove a module from the Linux Kernel

ip-ioam IPv6 In-situ OAM (IOAM)

setarch change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags

systemd-sysusers, systemd-sysusers.service Allocate system users and groups

update-grub, update-grub2 stub for grub-mkconfig

devlink-dpipe devlink dataplane pipeline visualization

depmod Generate modules.dep and map files.

systemd-initctl.service, systemd-initctl.socket, systemd-initctl - /dev/initctl compatibility

rtmon listens to and monitors RTnetlink

NetworkManager-wait-online.service Wait for the network to come online

systemd-gpt-auto-generator Generator for automatically discovering and mounting root, /home/, /srv/, /var/ and /var/tmp/ partitions, as well as discovering and enabling swap partitions, based on GPT partition type GUIDs

saned SANE network daemon

fw fwmark traffic control filter

cups-lpd receive print jobs and report printer status to lpd clients (deprecated)

newusers update and create new users in batch

ip-fou Foo-over-UDP receive port configuration

pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv convert to and from shadow passwords and groups

mkfs.minix make a Minix filesystem

systemd-sysext, systemd-sysext.service Activates System Extension Images

pam_exec PAM module which calls an external command

ld.so, ld-linux.so dynamic linker/loader

vipw, vigr edit the password, group, shadow-password or shadow-group file

pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv convert to and from shadow passwords and groups

ntfsundelete recover a deleted file from an NTFS volume.

grub-mkconfig generate a GRUB configuration file

systemd-time-wait-sync.service, systemd-time-wait-sync Wait until kernel time is synchronized

mk_modmap translate a Linux keytable file into an xmodmap file

dcb-buffer show / manipulate port buffer settings of the DCB (Data Center Bridging) subsystem

systemd-fsck@.service, systemd-fsck-root.service, systemd-fsck-usr.service, systemd-fsck File system checker logic

iucode_tool Tool to manipulate Intel® IA-32/X86-64 microcode bundles

resizecons change kernel idea of the console size

systemd-modules-load.service, systemd-modules-load Load kernel modules at boot

adduser, addgroup add or manipulate users or groups

systemd-localed.service, systemd-localed Locale bus mechanism

validlocale Test if a given locale is available

iwgetid Report ESSID, NWID or AP/Cell Address of wireless network

setpci configure PCI devices

systemd-xdg-autostart-generator User unit generator for XDG autostart files

cupsd-helper cupsd helper programs (deprecated)

systemd-integritysetup@.service, systemd-integritysetup Disk integrity protection logic

is used by

cupsaccept/cupsreject accept/reject jobs sent to a destination

systemd-rfkill.service, systemd-rfkill.socket, systemd-rfkill Load and save the RF kill switch state at boot and change

systemd-hwdb hardware database management tool

e2fsck check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

faillock Tool for displaying and modifying the authentication failure record files

genl generic netlink utility frontend

tcindex traffic control index filter

alsa-info command-line utility to gather information about the ALSA subsystem

systemd-localed.service, systemd-localed Locale bus mechanism

mkhomedir_helper Helper binary that creates home directories

systemd-udev-settle.service Wait for all pending udev events to be handled

systemd-volatile-root.service, systemd-volatile-root Make the root file system volatile

cups-browsed A daemon for browsing the Bonjour broadcasts of shared, remote CUPS printers

mke2fs create an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

allows a permitted user to execute a

matchall traffic control filter that matches every packet

hwclock time clocks utility

mkfs.exfat create an exFAT filesystem

boltd thunderbolt device managing system daemon

flower flow based traffic control filter

resize2fs ext2/ext3/ext4 file system resizer

systemd-run-generator Generator for invoking commands specified on the kernel command line as system service

cupsdisable, cupsenable stop/start printers and classes

ip-vrf run a command against a vrf

mklost+found create a lost+found directory on a mounted Linux second extended file system

systemd-integritysetup@.service, systemd-integritysetup Disk integrity protection logic

run-parts run scripts or programs in a directory

sln create symbolic links

systemd-hibernate-resume@.service, systemd-hibernate-resume Resume from hibernation

pam_systemd Register user sessions in the systemd login manager

routel list routes with pretty output format

systemd-importd.service, systemd-importd VM and container image import and export service

systemd-integritysetup-generator Unit generator for integrity protected block devices

ntfsresize resize an NTFS filesystem without data loss

police policing action

update-fonts-dir compile fonts.dir files

ip-mroute multicast routing cache management

simple basic example action

iwpriv configure optionals (private) parameters of a wireless network interface

systemd-update-utmp.service, systemd-update-utmp-runlevel.service, systemd-update-utmp Write audit and utmp updates at bootup, runlevel changes and shutdown

systemd-backlight@.service, systemd-backlight Load and save the display backlight brightness at boot and shutdown

upowerd UPower Daemon

dcb-app show / manipulate application priority table of the DCB (Data Center Bridging) subsystem

pam_pwhistory PAM module to remember last passwords

pam_securetty Limit root login to special devices

malcontent-client Parental Controls Access Utility

ip-mptcp MPTCP path manager configuration

ownership Compaq ownership tag retriever

discover-modprobe — kernel module loading using discover(1)

modinfo Show information about a Linux Kernel module

goa-daemon GNOME Online Accounts Daemon

apt-key Deprecated APT key management utility

rmt remote magnetic tape server

ntfswipe overwrite unused space on an NTFS volume

systemd-repart, systemd-repart.service Automatically grow and add partitions

TAPRIO Time Aware Priority Shaper

fuse configuration and mount options for FUSE file systems

e2scrub_all check all mounted ext[234] file systems for errors.

pam_group PAM module for group access

pam_umask PAM module to set the file mode creation mask

parted a partition manipulation program

cupsctl configure cupsd.conf options

iconvconfig create iconv module configuration cache

ETF Earliest TxTime First (ETF) Qdisc

deluser, delgroup remove a user or group from the system

systemd-cryptsetup@.service, systemd-cryptsetup Full disk decryption logic

e2undo Replay an undo log for an ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

dmstats — device-mapper statistics management

mkfs.fat create an MS-DOS FAT filesystem

avahi-autoipd IPv4LL network address configuration daemon

systemd-remount-fs.service, systemd-remount-fs Remount root and kernel file systems

lnstat unified linux network statistics

devlink-lc devlink line card configuration

systemd-binfmt.service, systemd-binfmt Configure additional binary formats for executables at boot

ip-ntable neighbour table configuration

setvtrgb set the virtual terminal RGB colors

pivot_root change the root filesystem

dmidecode DMI table decoder

systemd-hostnamed.service, systemd-hostnamed Daemon to control system hostname from programs

apt-cache query the APT cache

ip-monitor, rtmon state monitoring

halt, poweroff, reboot Halt, power-off or reboot the machine

systemd-boot-check-no-failures.service, systemd-boot-check-no-failures verify that the system booted up cleanly

pwhistory_helper Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to opasswd

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

grub-install install GRUB to a device

pam_time PAM module for time control access

e4defrag online defragmenter for ext4 file system

update-initramfs generate an initramfs image

cupsd cups scheduler

systemd-pcrphase.service, systemd-pcrphase-sysinit.service, systemd-pcrphase-initrd.service, systemd-pcrphase Measure boot phase into TPM2 PCR 11

pfifo_fast three-band first in, first out queue

systemd-time-wait-sync.service, systemd-time-wait-sync Wait until kernel time is synchronized

systemd-suspend.service, systemd-hibernate.service, systemd-hybrid-sleep.service, systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service, systemd-sleep System sleep state logic

ctrlaltdel set the function of the Ctrl-Alt-Del combination

update-rc.d install and remove System-V style init script links

tipc-nametable show TIPC nametable

logsave save the output of a command in a logfile

systemd-veritysetup@.service, systemd-veritysetup Disk verity protection logic

ctinfo tc connmark processing action

install-sgmlcatalog maintain transitional SGML catalog

ip-route routing table management

resizepart tell the kernel about the new size of a partition

vmstat Report virtual memory statistics

pam_echo PAM module for printing text messages

e4crypt ext4 file system encryption utility

systemd-suspend.service, systemd-hibernate.service, systemd-hybrid-sleep.service, systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service, systemd-sleep System sleep state logic

ematch extended matches for use with "basic", "cgroup" or "flow" filters

shutdown Halt, power off or reboot the machine

installkernel install a new kernel image

cron daemon to execute scheduled commands (Vixie Cron)

systemd-halt.service, systemd-poweroff.service, systemd-reboot.service, systemd-kexec.service, systemd-shutdown System shutdown logic

radattr.so RADIUS utility plugin for pppd(8)

mpls mpls manipulation module

readprofile read kernel profiling information

dcb-dcbx show / manipulate port DCBX (Data Center Bridging eXchange)

ip-sr IPv6 Segment Routing management

rdma-dev RDMA device configuration

grub-set-default set the saved default boot entry for GRUB

ip-maddress multicast addresses management

systemd-suspend.service, systemd-hibernate.service, systemd-hybrid-sleep.service, systemd-suspend-then-hibernate.service, systemd-sleep System sleep state logic

sgdisk Command-line GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator for Linux and Unix

partx tell the kernel about the presence and numbering of on-disk partitions

pam_permit The promiscuous module

dcb show / manipulate DCB (Data Center Bridging) settings

fsck.fat check and repair MS-DOS FAT filesystems

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

chcpu configure CPUs

powertop a power consumption and power management diagnosis tool.

vpddecode VPD structure decoder

ntfsfix fix common errors and force Windows to check NTFS

avahi-autoipd.action avahi-autoipd action script

sample packet sampling tc action

partprobe inform the OS of partition table changes

lspci list all PCI devices

cupsd-helper cupsd helper programs (deprecated)

systemd-fstab-generator Unit generator for /etc/fstab

HTB Hierarchy Token Bucket

rdma-statistic RDMA statistic counter configuration

ping send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network hosts

pam_mkhomedir PAM module to create users home directory

systemd-user-sessions.service, systemd-user-sessions Permit user logins after boot, prohibit user logins at shutdown

tune.exfat adjust tunable filesystem parameters on an exFAT filesystem

nstat, rtacct network statistics tools.

dmsetup — low level logical volume management

pam_succeed_if test account characteristics

pam_unix Module for traditional password authentication

systemd-pcrphase.service, systemd-pcrphase-sysinit.service, systemd-pcrphase-initrd.service, systemd-pcrphase Measure boot phase into TPM2 PCR 11

devlink-monitor state monitoring

systemd-sysctl.service, systemd-sysctl Configure kernel parameters at boot

unmkinitramfs extract content from an initramfs image

systemd-veritysetup@.service, systemd-veritysetup Disk verity protection logic

plymouth A graphical boot system and logger

fdisk manipulate disk partition table

blockdev call block device ioctls from the command line

swapon, swapoff enable/disable devices and files for paging and swapping

pam_filter PAM filter module

ntfsinfo dump a file's attributes

ntfscmp compare two NTFS filesystems and tell the differences

adduser, addgroup add or manipulate users or groups

chroot run command or interactive shell with special root directory

systemd-rc-local-generator, rc-local.service Compatibility generator and service to start /etc/rc.local during boot

red Random Early Detection

systemd-random-seed.service, systemd-random-seed Load and save the system random seed at boot and shutdown

fsck.fat check and repair MS-DOS FAT filesystems

plymouth A graphical boot system and logger

cupsd-helper cupsd helper programs (deprecated)

create-cracklib-dict Check passwords using libcrack2

sfb Stochastic Fair Blue

actions independently defined actions in tc

findmnt find a filesystem

vlan vlan manipulation module

systemd-environment-d-generator, 30-systemd-environment-d-generator - Load variables specified by environment.d

apt-secure Archive authentication support for APT

CBQ Class Based Queueing

vdpa vdpa management tool

udisksd The udisks system daemon

add-shell add shells to the list of valid login shells

ip-l2tp L2TPv3 static unmanaged tunnel configuration

systemd-timedated.service, systemd-timedated Time and date bus mechanism

ld.so, ld-linux.so dynamic linker/loader

devlink-dev devlink device configuration

fsfreeze suspend access to a filesystem (Ext3/4, ReiserFS, JFS, XFS)

umount unmount filesystems

mkfs.fat create an MS-DOS FAT filesystem

setvesablank Turn VESA screen blanking on or off

make-ssl-cert Debconf wrapper for openssl

captree display tree of process capabilities

applygnupgdefaults Run gpgconf --apply-defaults for all users.

update-grub, update-grub2 stub for grub-mkconfig

ip-stats manage and show interface statistics

rdma-resource rdma resource configuration

cppw, cpgr copy with locking the given file to the password or group file

nstat, rtacct network statistics tools.

systemd-initctl.service, systemd-initctl.socket, systemd-initctl - /dev/initctl compatibility

pam_setquota PAM module to set or modify disk quotas on session start

systemd-sysv-generator Unit generator for SysV init scripts

ct tc connection tracking action

halt, poweroff, reboot Halt, power-off or reboot the machine

NetEm Network Emulator

pam_listfile deny or allow services based on an arbitrary file

pam_keyinit Kernel session keyring initialiser module

gate Stream Gate Action

systemd-networkd-wait-online.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online@.service, systemd-networkd-wait-online - Wait for network to come online

allows a permitted user to execute a

zdump timezone dumper

ip-xfrm transform configuration

polkit Authorization Manager

systemd-networkd.service, systemd-networkd Network manager

wdctl show hardware watchdog status

ntfstruncate truncate a file on an NTFS volume

pam_usertype check if the authenticated user is a system or regular account

groupdel delete a group

mkfs build a Linux filesystem

CoDel Controlled-Delay Active Queue Management algorithm

getpcaps display process capabilities

FQ Fair Queue traffic policing

choke choose and keep scheduler

update-cracklib Regenerate cracklib dictionary

usbmuxd Expose a socket to multiplex connections from and to iOS devices.

dhclient-script DHCP client network configuration script

pam_loginuid Record users login uid to the process attribute

pam_rootok Gain only root access

nologin politely refuse a login

ntfs-3g Third Generation Read/Write NTFS Driver

ntfsusermap NTFS Building a User Mapping File

usbhid-dump dump USB HID device report descriptors and streams

fstab-decode run a command with fstab-encoded arguments

adduser.local, deluser.local hook for local actions in adduser and deluser

nat stateless native address translation action

debugfs ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger

insmod Simple program to insert a module into the Linux Kernel

wpa_supplicant Wi-Fi Protected Access client and IEEE 802.1X supplicant

is used by

ntfslabel display/change the label on an ntfs file system

systemd-udevd.service, systemd-udevd-control.socket, systemd-udevd-kernel.socket, systemd-udevd Device event managing daemon

lsns list namespaces

e2freefrag report free space fragmentation information

cgdisk Curses-based GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator

IFE encapsulate/decapsulate metadata

ip-address protocol address management

getcap examine file capabilities

pam_ftp PAM module for anonymous access module

pam_motd Display the motd file

blkdeactivate — utility to deactivate block devices

ntfssecaudit NTFS Security Data Auditing

wpa_passphrase Generate a WPA PSK from an ASCII passphrase for a SSID

systemd-fsckd.service, systemd-fsckd.socket, systemd-fsckd File system check progress reporting

systemd-veritysetup-generator Unit generator for verity protected block devices

cupsd-helper cupsd helper programs (deprecated)

losetup set up and control loop devices

nss-systemd, libnss_systemd.so.2 UNIX user and group name resolution for user/group lookup via Varlink

systemd-volatile-root.service, systemd-volatile-root Make the root file system volatile

iwevent Display Wireless Events generated by drivers and setting changes

systemd-fsck@.service, systemd-fsck-root.service, systemd-fsck-usr.service, systemd-fsck File system checker logic

systemd-remount-fs.service, systemd-remount-fs Remount root and kernel file systems

systemd-quotacheck.service, systemd-quotacheck File system quota checker logic

chat Automated conversational script with a modem

systemd-environment-d-generator, 30-systemd-environment-d-generator - Load variables specified by environment.d

HFSC Hierarchical Fair Service Curve's control under linux

avahi-daemon The Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD daemon

useradd create a new user or update default new user information

pwconv, pwunconv, grpconv, grpunconv convert to and from shadow passwords and groups

chpasswd update passwords in batch mode

systemd-pstore.service, systemd-pstore A service to archive contents of pstore

systemd-halt.service, systemd-poweroff.service, systemd-reboot.service, systemd-kexec.service, systemd-shutdown System shutdown logic

ss another utility to investigate sockets

wpa_action wpa_cli action script

devlink-rate devlink rate management

showconsolefont Show the current EGA/VGA console screen font

lastlog reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user

grub-mkdevicemap make a device map file automatically

usermod modify a user account

remove-shell remove shells from the list of valid login shells

apt command-line interface

cracklib-format, cracklib-packer, cracklib-unpacker cracklib dictionary utilities

systemd-network-generator.service, systemd-network-generator - Generate network configuration from the kernel command line

update-mime create or update MIME information

bluetoothd Bluetooth daemon

chgpasswd update group passwords in batch mode

systemd-boot-check-no-failures.service, systemd-boot-check-no-failures verify that the system booted up cleanly

devlink-port devlink port configuration

setarch change reported architecture in new program environment and/or set personality flags

ip-rule routing policy database management

pam_userdb PAM module to authenticate against a db database

systemd-makefs@.service, systemd-mkswap@.service, systemd-growfs@.service, systemd-growfs-root.service, systemd-makefs, systemd-growfs Creating and growing file systems on demand

wipefs wipe a signature from a device

telinit Change SysV runlevel

ntfsrecover Recover updates committed by Windows on an NTFS volume

pam_access PAM module for logdaemon style login access control

deluser, delgroup remove a user or group from the system

bridge show / manipulate bridge addresses and devices

polkitd The polkit system daemon

tipc-node modify and show local node parameters or list peer nodes

systemd-network-generator.service, systemd-network-generator - Generate network configuration from the kernel command line

fsck.cramfs fsck compressed ROM file system

systemd-sysusers, systemd-sysusers.service Allocate system users and groups

systemd-system-update-generator Generator for redirecting boot to offline update mode

systemd-udevd.service, systemd-udevd-control.socket, systemd-udevd-kernel.socket, systemd-udevd Device event managing daemon

pam_timestamp Authenticate using cached successful authentication attempts

ntfsfallocate preallocate space to a file on an NTFS volume

ldconfig configure dynamic linker run-time bindings

fuse configuration and mount options for FUSE file systems

pfifo Packet limited First In, First Out queue

e2fsck check a Linux ext2/ext3/ext4 file system

pam_xauth PAM module to forward xauth keys between users

kbdrate reset the keyboard repeat rate and delay time

ip show / manipulate routing, network devices, interfaces and tunnels

dcb-pfc show / manipulate PFC (Priority-based Flow Control) settings of the DCB (Data Center Bridging) subsystem

mkinitramfs low-level tool for generating an initramfs image

Nibbles A worm game for GNOME

AisleRiot a collection of card games which are easy to play with the aid of a mouse.

GNOME Reversi A disk flipping strategy board game

Tali A variation on poker with dice and less money.

gnome-chess — A simple chess application for GNOME

Robots Based on classic BSD Robots

gnome-sudoku — puzzle game for the popular Japanese sudoku logic puzzle

GNOME 2048 Obtain the highest possible tile

Mahjongg A matching game played with Mahjongg tiles

Quadrapassel Tetris-like game for GNOME

Five or More GNOME port of the once-popular Colour Lines game

LightsOff Turn off all the lights

hitori plays the game of hitori

Klotski Sliding block puzzles game for GNOME

Tetravex A simple puzzle game for GNOME

Four-in-a-Row four-in-a-row game for GNOME

Mines The popular logic puzzle minesweeper

Taquin A sliding puzzle game for GNOME.

intro introduction to games

xvidtune video mode tuner for Xorg

fmt simple optimal text formatter

alsamixer soundcard mixer for ALSA soundcard driver, with ncurses interface

znew recompress .Z files to .gz files

skill, snice send a signal or report process status

tracker3-status Provide status and statistics on the data indexed

xkbvleds XKB extension user utility

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

xcursorgen create an X cursor file from a collection of PNG images

ipcmk make various IPC resources

namei follow a pathname until a terminal point is found

pipewire The PipeWire media server

nmtui Text User Interface for controlling NetworkManager

chardet universal character encoding detector

gtk-query-immodules-3.0 Input method module registration utility

gtk-query-immodules-2.0 Input method module registration utility

gpgsm CMS encryption and signing tool

Xephyr X server outputting to a window on a pre-existing X display

upower UPower command line tool

lexgrog parse header information in man pages

eject eject removable media

software-properties-gtk Software Sources List editor

su run a command with substitute user and group ID

hostnamectl Control the system hostname

psfxtable handle Unicode character tables for console fonts

dbxtool — modify the dbx revocation list

gpgcompose Generate a stream of OpenPGP packets

pinentry-gnome3 PIN or pass-phrase entry dialog for GnuPG

tac concatenate and print files in reverse

mtrace interpret the malloc trace log

nc TCP/IP swiss army knife

gslp Format and print text using ghostscript
gsbj Format and print text for BubbleJet printer using ghostscript
gsdj Format and print text for DeskJet printer using ghostscript
gsdj500 Format and print text for DeskJet 500 BubbleJet using ghostscript
gslj Format and print text for LaserJet printer using ghostscript

install copy files and set attributes

defmt-c, defmt-sh a sample ispell deformatter for C, C++, and shell sources

lsattr list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

cut remove sections from each line of files

ngettext translate message and choose plural form

ps report a snapshot of the current processes.

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

pdftocairo Portable Document Format (PDF) to PNG/JPEG/TIFF/PDF/PS/EPS/SVG using cairo

linux-version operate on Linux kernel version strings

udisksctl The udisks command line tool

sane-find-scanner find SCSI and USB scanners and their device files

grub-mount export GRUB filesystem with FUSE

cp copy files and directories

ckbcomp compile a XKB keyboard description to a keymap suitable for loadkeys or kbdcontrol

dbus-update-activation-environment update environment used for D-Bus session services

cheese tool to take pictures and videos from your webcam

whatis display one-line manual page descriptions

python an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language

timedatectl Control the system time and date

zstdless view zstandard-compressed files

yelp — browse system documentation

lpoptions display or set printer options and defaults

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

whoami print effective user name

orca a scriptable screen reader

systemd-cryptenroll Enroll PKCS#11, FIDO2, TPM2 token/devices to LUKS2 encrypted volumes

mawk pattern scanning and text processing language

uxterm X terminal emulator for Unicode (UTF-8) environments

infotocap convert a terminfo description into a termcap description

py3clean removes .pyc and .pyo files

notify-send a program to send desktop notifications

bf_compact shell script to compact a bogofilter directory

libreoffice LibreOffice office suite

gzip, gunzip, zcat compress or expand files

bzcmp, bzdiff compare bzip2 compressed files

libreoffice LibreOffice office suite

nmtui Text User Interface for controlling NetworkManager

systemd-inhibit Execute a program with an inhibition lock taken

bwrap container setup utility

bitmap, bmtoa, atobm bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X Window System

gdk-pixbuf-query-loaders GdkPixbuf loader registration utility

rhythmbox-client controls a running instance of rhythmbox

setvtrgb customize the console color map

bitmap, bmtoa, atobm bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X Window System

dbus-run-session start a process as a new D-Bus session

airscan-discover Discover sane-airscan compatible scanners

nc TCP/IP swiss army knife

systemd-escape Escape strings for usage in systemd unit names

gnome-session Start the GNOME desktop environment

gpgconf Modify .gnupg home directories

expr evaluate expressions

flock manage locks from shell scripts

pysetup3.3 pysetup tool

pslog report current logs path of a process

run-mailcap, view, see, edit, compose, print execute programs via entries in the mailcap file

fc-validate validate font files

hciattach attach serial devices via UART HCI to BlueZ stack

unlink call the unlink function to remove the specified file

nsenter run program in different namespaces

realpath print the resolved path

is a file transfer program, similar to

ls list directory contents

obexctl A command-line interface of BlueZ for OBEX (file transfer)

pinentry-gnome3 PIN or pass-phrase entry dialog for GnuPG

xkbprint print an XKB keyboard description

pdfattach Portable Document Format (PDF) document embedded file creator (version 3.03)

systemd-path List and query system and user paths

rename rename files

gs Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)

gpgparsemail Parse a mail message into an annotated format

watch execute a program periodically, showing output fullscreen

desktop-file-install, desktop-file-edit Installation and edition of desktop files

grub-mkrelpath make a system path relative to its root

pathchk check whether file names are valid or portable

mdig DNS pipelined lookup utility

mt control magnetic tape drive operation

alsaloop command-line PCM loopback

gpgtar Encrypt or sign files into an archive

fc-conflist list the configuration files processed by Fontconfig

eog a GNOME image viewer

crontab maintain crontab files for individual users (Vixie Cron)

ipcrm remove certain IPC resources

yelp — browse system documentation

transset Set transparency on a window

systemd-mount, systemd-umount Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points

unexpand convert spaces to tabs

tic the terminfo entry-description compiler

hid2hci Bluetooth HID to HCI mode switching utility

dir list directory contents

pic compile pictures for troff or TeX

gtk-encode-symbolic-svg Symbolic icon conversion utility

bogoutil Dumps, loads, and maintains bogofilter database files

ppdi import ppd files (deprecated)

xauth X authority file utility

xmessage display a message or query in a window (X-based /bin/echo)

run-mailcap, view, see, edit, compose, print execute programs via entries in the mailcap file

ischroot detect if running in a chroot

gsf archiving utility using the G Structured File library

iceauth ICE authority file utility

systemd-cgls Recursively show control group contents

pw-dot The PipeWire dot graph dump

run-with-aspell script to help use GNU Aspell as an ispell replacement

spd-say send text-to-speech output request to speech-dispatcher

sensible-browser sensible web browsing

toc2cddb translates a TOC file of cdrdao(1) into a cddb file and prints it to stdout

gnome-shell Graphical shell for the GNOME desktop

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

gnome-disks the GNOME Disks application

tset, reset terminal initialization

gtk4-broadwayd The Broadway display server

hostname show or set the system's host name
domainname show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
ypdomainname show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
nisdomainname show or set the system's NIS/YP domain name
dnsdomainname show the system's DNS domain name

which locate a command

gpg-agent Secret key management for GnuPG

file-roller archive manager for GNOME

grub-menulst2cfg transform legacy menu.lst into grub.cfg

bf_compact shell script to compact a bogofilter directory

is a fast and easy BitTorrent client.

bashbug report a bug in bash

xev print contents of X events

ucs2any generate BDF fonts containing subsets of ISO 10646-1 codepoints

bogolexer Utility program for separating email messages into tokens

sdiff side-by-side merge of file differences

grops PostScript driver for groff

gpg-check-pattern Check a passphrase on stdin against the patternfile

xdg-desktop-icon command line tool for (un)installing icons to the desktop

nc TCP/IP swiss army knife

7za A file archiver with high compression ratio format

tbl format tables for troff

envsubst substitutes environment variables in shell format strings

smproxy Session Manager Proxy

gnome-terminal A terminal emulator for GNOME

touch change file timestamps

xwininfo window information utility for X

fc-pattern parse and show pattern

usb_modeswitch_dispatcher Linux wrapper for usb_modeswitch (not intended for direct invocation)

xfd display all the characters in an X font

xclock analog / digital clock for X

grub-file check file type

uniq report or omit repeated lines

boltctl control the thunderbolt device manager

Enchant a spellchecker

bdftopcf convert X font from Bitmap Distribution Format to Portable Compiled Format

pdftohtml program to convert PDF files into HTML, XML and PNG images

xsetwacom commandline utility to query and modify wacom driver settings.

ps2pdf Convert PostScript to PDF using ghostscript
ps2pdf12 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.2 (Acrobat 3-and-later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf13 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.3 (Acrobat 4-and-later compatible) using ghostscript
ps2pdf14 Convert PostScript to PDF 1.4 (Acrobat 5-and-later compatible) using ghostscript

editres a dynamic resource editor for X Toolkit applications

fc-scan scan font files or directories

readlink print resolved symbolic links or canonical file names

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

Enchant list provider and dictionary information

mako-render renders Mako templates

bogofilter fast Bayesian spam filter

alsabat command-line sound tester for ALSA sound card driver

test check file types and compare values

systemd-cat Connect a pipeline or programs output with the journal

printenv print all or part of environment

nautilus a file manager for GNOME

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

unicode_start put keyboard and console in unicode mode

pdf2dsc generate a PostScript page list of a PDF document

grub-editenv edit GRUB environment block

apt-transport-http APT transport for downloading via the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

pkcon PackageKit console client

pldd display dynamic shared objects linked into a process

rbash restricted bash, see bash(1)

test check file types and compare values

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

xsetroot root window parameter setting utility for X

gnome-terminal A terminal emulator for GNOME

xzmore, lzmore view xz or lzma compressed (text) files

gnome-session Start the GNOME desktop environment

choom display and adjust OOM-killer score.

tty print the file name of the terminal connected to standard input

btmon Bluetooth monitor

rm remove files or directories

gpg-wks-client Client for the Web Key Service

showrgb display an rgb color-name database

(SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to provide secure encrypted communications between two untrusted hosts over an insecure network. X11 connections, arbitrary TCP ports and

gpgv Verify OpenPGP signatures

chvt change foreground virtual terminal

xkbset user preference utility for XKB extensions for X

xlsfonts server font list displayer for X

gtk4-update-icon-cache Icon theme caching utility

apropos search the manual page names and descriptions

usb-devices print USB device details

stdbuf Run COMMAND, with modified buffering operations for its standard streams.

btmgmt: A command-line interface of BlueZ for management Usage:

alsactl advanced controls for ALSA soundcard driver

replaces the old ssh command-name as hostname handling. If you link to this script with a hostname then executing the link is equivalent to having executed ssh with that hostname as an argument. All other arguments are passed to ssh and will be processed normally.

arch print machine hardware name (same as uname -m)

rfcomm RFCOMM configuration utility

xedit simple text editor for X

ul do underlining

cat concatenate files and print on the standard output

rev reverse lines characterwise

usb_modeswitch control the mode of 'multi-state' USB devices

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

stat display file or file system status

gnome-software Install applications

gtk4-launch Launch an application

systemd-stdio-bridge D-Bus proxy

dirmngr-client Tool to access the Dirmngr services

pgrep, pkill, pidwait look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes

bogoupgrade upgrades bogofilter database to current version

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

tracker-writeback-3 Used to write metadata set in Tracker back to physical files.

aseqnet ALSA sequencer connectors over network

firefox-esr a Web browser for X11 derived from the Mozilla browser

bash GNU Bourne-Again SHell

renice alter priority of running processes

startx initialize an X session

scriptreplay play back typescripts, using timing information

qmi-firmware-update Update firmware in QMI devices

pfbtopfa Convert Postscript .pfb fonts to .pfa format using ghostscript

comm compare two sorted files line by line

desktop-file-validate Validate desktop entry files

pdfinfo Portable Document Format (PDF) document information extractor (version 3.03)

gnome-extensions Command line tool for managing GNOME extensions

lsmem list the ranges of available memory with their online status

id print real and effective user and group IDs

x11perf X11 server performance test program

.ds Em -- .ds We top .ds F Off .ds WX 512 .ds WF approximately 250 .ds Xa see

bzip2, bunzip2 a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bzcat decompresses files to stdout
bzip2recover recovers data from damaged bzip2 files

prezip, preunzip, precat prefix delta compressor for Aspell

cupstestppd test conformance of ppd files (deprecated)

pwd print name of current/working directory

zipgrep search files in a ZIP archive for lines matching a pattern

dvipdf Convert TeX DVI file to PDF using ghostscript and dvips

lspgpot extracts the ownertrust values from PGP keyrings and list them in GnuPG ownertrust format.

gcm-picker GNOME Color Manager Color Picker Tool

grub-kbdcomp generate a GRUB keyboard layout file

tracker3-extract Extract metadata from a file.

chgrp change group ownership

systemd-ask-password Query the user for a system password

unzip list, test and extract compressed files in a ZIP archive

write send a message to another user

gnome-logs log viewer for the systemd journal

ppdmerge merge ppd files (deprecated)

deallocvt deallocate unused virtual consoles

grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep print lines that match patterns

pdfsig Portable Document Format (PDF) digital signatures tool

fwupdtool — standalone firmware update utility

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

xfontsel point and click selection of X11 font names

xdg-dbus-proxy D-Bus proxy

xargs build and execute command lines from standard input

base64 base64 encode/decode data and print to standard output

ps2ps, eps2eps Ghostscript PostScript "distiller"

eqn format equations for troff or MathML

fincore count pages of file contents in core

gpg-preset-passphrase Put a passphrase into gpg-agent's cache

add-apt-repository Adds a repository into the /etc/apt/sources.list or /etc/apt/sources.list.d or removes an existing one

journalctl Query the systemd journal

gzip, gunzip, zcat compress or expand files

w Show who is logged on and what they are doing.

pkexec Execute a command as another user

trust Tool for operating on the trust policy store

ucfr Update Configuration File Registry: associate packages with configuration files

dconf-service D-Bus service for writes to the dconf database

gdk-pixbuf-pixdata GDK Pixbuf library

mktemp create a temporary file or directory

aspell interactive spell checker

chown change file owner and group

ibus-daemon daemon program for ibus

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

pdfseparate Portable Document Format (PDF) page extractor

grog guess options for a following groff command

gtk4-encode-symbolic-svg Symbolic icon conversion utility

bzgrep, bzfgrep, bzegrep search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression

hardlink link multiple copies of a file

tracker3-import Import data into a Tracker database.

soelim interpret .so requests in groff input

lxterm locale-sensitive wrapper for xterm

fc-match match available fonts

btattach Attach serial devices to BlueZ stack

slabtop display kernel slab cache information in real time

localectl Control the system locale and keyboard layout settings

pf2afm Make an AFM file from Postscript (PFB/PFA/PFM) font files using ghostscript

systemd-analyze Analyze and debug system manager

gcalccmd a console calculator

tail output the last part of files

gdk-pixbuf-csource C code generation utility for GdkPixbuf images

zstdgrep print lines matching a pattern in zstandard-compressed files

systemctl Control the systemd system and service manager

capsh capability shell wrapper

pw-profiler The PipeWire profiler

apt-listchanges Show new changelog entries from Debian package archives

evince-thumbnailer create png thumbnails from PostScript and PDF documents

fusermount3 mount and unmount FUSE filesystems

sg execute command as different group ID

reportbug reports a bug to a debbugs server

sync Synchronize cached writes to persistent storage

grdctl Command line tool for configuring GNOME Remote Desktop

resize set environment and terminal settings to current xterm window size

lynx a general purpose distributed information browser for the World Wide Web

pygettext Python equivalent of xgettext(1)

vdir list directory contents

bogofilter fast Bayesian spam filter

alsaucm ALSA Use Case Manager

arecord, aplay command-line sound recorder and player for ALSA soundcard driver

systemd-creds Lists, shows, encrypts and decrypts service credentials

lessfile, lesspipe "input preprocessor" for less.

sha256sum compute and check SHA256 message digest

grub-syslinux2cfg transform syslinux config into grub.cfg

setsid run a program in a new session

mpris-proxy Bluetooth mpris-proxy

pandoc-server [options]

tr translate or delete characters

apt-transport-https APT transport for downloading via the HTTP Secure protocol (HTTPS)

bzip2, bunzip2 a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bzcat decompresses files to stdout
bzip2recover recovers data from damaged bzip2 files

Xmark summarize x11perf results

seahorse Passwords and Keys

gcm-import GNOME Color Manager Import Tool

systemd-firstboot, systemd-firstboot.service Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

gpg-wks-server Server providing the Web Key Service

md5sum compute and check MD5 message digest

split split a file into pieces

cvt calculate VESA CVT mode lines

pdb3.11 the Python debugger

ppdpo ppd message catalog generator (deprecated)

nm-connection-editor network connection editor for NetworkManager

printafm Print the metrics from a Postscript font in AFM format using ghostscript

setterm set terminal attributes

wall write a message to all users

zgrep search possibly compressed files for a regular expression

systemd-machine-id-setup Initialize the machine ID in /etc/machine-id

free Display amount of free and used memory in the system

find search for files in a directory hierarchy

gdbus Tool for working with D-Bus objects

pstree display a tree of processes

gzip, gunzip, zcat compress or expand files

sum checksum and count the blocks in a file

networkctl Query or modify the status of network links

grotty groff driver for typewriter-like devices

simple-scan Scanning utility

xkill kill a client by its X resource

xdg-user-dirs-update Update XDG user dir configuration

apt-sortpkgs Utility to sort package index files

xman Manual page display program for the X Window System

manpath determine search path for manual pages

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

utmpdump dump UTMP and WTMP files in raw format

xzless, lzless view xz or lzma compressed (text) files

ldd print shared object dependencies

pdffonts Portable Document Format (PDF) font analyzer (version 3.03)

fold wrap each input line to fit in specified width

bluetooth-sendto GTK application for transferring files over Bluetooth

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

du estimate file space usage

tracker3-reset Reset the index and configuration

gvfsd-metadata Metadata daemon for gvfs

py3compile byte compile Python 3 source files

apt-transport-mirror APT transport for more automated mirror selection

pdfunite Portable Document Format (PDF) page merger

xrandr primitive command line interface to RandR extension

nohup run a command immune to hangups, with output to a non-tty

pw-link The PipeWire Link Command

spd-conf configure Speech Dispatcher and diagnose problems

mbimcli Control MBIM devices

md5sum compute and check MD5 message digest

xkbevd XKB event daemon

word-list-compress word list compressor/decompressor for GNU Aspell

ps2ascii Ghostscript translator from PostScript or PDF to ASCII

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

chardet universal character encoding detector

xprop property displayer for X

gnome-calculator a desktop calculator

manconv convert manual page from one encoding to another

tload graphic representation of system load average

chattr change file attributes on a Linux file system

which locate a command

uclampset manipulate the utilization clamping attributes of the system or a process

fonttosfnt Wrap a bitmap font in a sfnt (TrueType) wrapper

splitfont extract characters from an ISO-type font.

gs Ghostscript (PostScript and PDF language interpreter and previewer)

evolution groupware suite for GNOME containing e-mail, calendar, addressbook, to-do list and memo tools

date print or set the system date and time

uptime Tell how long the system has been running.

rstart a sample implementation of a Remote Start client

gio GIO commandline tool

mmcli Control and monitor the ModemManager

is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of

dnstap-read print dnstap data in human-readable form

peekfd peek at file descriptors of running processes

setmetamode define the keyboard meta key handling

luit Locale and ISO 2022 support for Unicode terminals

colormgr Color Manager Testing Tool

truncate shrink or extend the size of a file to the specified size

logname print user's login name

sed stream editor for filtering and transforming text

grub-mklayout generate a GRUB keyboard layout file

sha1sum compute and check SHA1 message digest

iecset Set or dump IEC958 status bits

colcrt filter nroff output for CRT previewing

nroff use groff to format documents for TTY devices

systemd-detect-virt Detect execution in a virtualized environment

laptop-detect attempt to detect a laptop

unzipsfx self-extracting stub for prepending to ZIP archives

lzmainfo show information stored in the .lzma file header

setpriv run a program with different Linux privilege settings

plymouth-set-default-theme Set the plymouth theme

cancel cancel jobs

ptx produce a permuted index of file contents

head output the first part of files

defmt-c, defmt-sh a sample ispell deformatter for C, C++, and shell sources

mawk pattern scanning and text processing language

Run Software helper tool

gnome-system-monitor — view and control processes

systemd-cgtop Show top control groups by their resource usage

sensible-pager sensible paging

unopkg LibreOffice Extension Manager

xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff compare compressed files

firefox-esr a Web browser for X11 derived from the Mozilla browser

false do nothing, unsuccessfully

baobab A graphical disk usage analyzer for the GNOME desktop

axfer-list dump lists of available sound devices and nodes to transfer audio data frame.

GNOME Videos Movie player

ps2ps, eps2eps Ghostscript PostScript "distiller"

grub-mknetdir prepare a GRUB netboot directory.

zsoelim satisfy .so requests in roff input

xkbwatch XKB extension user utility

hexdump display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii

plymouth Send commands to plymouthd

dotlockfile Utility to manage lockfiles

linux-check-removal check whether removal of a kernel is safe

update-desktop-database Build cache database of MIME types handled by desktop files

run-mailcap, view, see, edit, compose, print execute programs via entries in the mailcap file

xlsatoms list interned atoms defined on server

xdg-desktop-menu command line tool for (un)installing desktop menu items

glib-compile-schemas GSettings schema compiler

chmod change file mode bits

pdfdetach Portable Document Format (PDF) document embedded file extractor (version 3.03)

preconv convert encoding of input files to something GNU troff understands

gpasswd administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

mkdir make directories

gpg-connect-agent Communicate with a running agent

python an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language

grub-glue-efi generate a fat binary for EFI

dirname strip last component from file name

last, lastb show a listing of last logged in users

is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication. Through use of environment variables the agent can be located and automatically used for authentication when logging in to other machines using

psfgettable extract the embedded Unicode character table from a console font

pgrep, pkill, pidwait look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes

basename strip directory and suffix from filenames

gresource GResource tool

xinit X Window System initializer

screendump dump the contents of a virtual console to stdout

pdftoppm Portable Document Format (PDF) to Portable Pixmap (PPM) converter (version 3.03)

pdftotext Portable Document Format (PDF) to text converter (version 3.03)

sha384sum compute and check SHA384 message digest

rctest RFCOMM testing

pstree display a tree of processes

loginctl Control the systemd login manager

ppdc cups ppd compiler (deprecated)

kill send a signal to a process

sort sort lines of text files

setleds set the keyboard leds

lslogins display information about known users in the system

gnome-terminal A terminal emulator for GNOME

is a utility for gathering the public SSH host keys of a number of hosts. It was designed to aid in building and verifying

grub-render-label generate a .disk_label for Apple Macs.

rnano a restricted nano

speech-dispatcher speech synthesis daemon

pw-cat Play and record media with PipeWire

xsetpointer set an X Input device as the main pointer

xdg-mime command line tool for querying information about file type handling and adding descriptions for new file types

setfacl set file access control lists

timeout run a command with a time limit

querybts view outstanding bug reports on a debbugs server

getopt parse command options (enhanced)

lynx a general purpose distributed information browser for the World Wide Web

setupcon sets up the font and the keyboard on the console

watchgnupg Read and print logs from a socket

xdg-user-dir Find an XDG user dir

kbd_mode report or set the keyboard mode

whiptail display dialog boxes from shell scripts

listres list resources in widgets

cpio copy files to and from archives

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

bzmore, bzless file perusal filter for crt viewing of bzip2 compressed text

speaker-test command-line speaker test tone generator for ALSA

xhost server access control program for X

nmcli command-line tool for controlling NetworkManager

intro introduction to user commands

runcon run command with specified security context

zipinfo list detailed information about a ZIP archive

grub-mkstandalone make a memdisk-based GRUB image

apg generates several random passwords

bf_tar shell script to write a tar file of a bogofilter directory to stdout

tempfile create a temporary file in a safe manner

dconf Simple tool for manipulating a dconf database

pkttyagent Textual authentication helper

pgrep, pkill, pidwait look up, signal, or wait for processes based on name and other attributes

chacl change the access control list of a file or directory

pdf2ps Ghostscript PDF to PostScript translator

zgrep search possibly compressed files for a regular expression

nproc print the number of processing units available

xterm terminal emulator for X

column columnate lists

pdftops Portable Document Format (PDF) to PostScript converter (version 3.03)

bluetoothctl: interactive bluetooth control tool

arecordmidi record Standard MIDI Files

Xorg X11R7 X server

xcmsdb Device Color Characterization utility for X Color Management System

basenc Encode/decode data and print to standard output

gnome-contacts Access and store information about contacts

b2sum compute and check BLAKE2 message digest

oclock round X clock

lscpu display information about the CPU architecture

taskset set or retrieve a process's CPU affinity

xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff compare compressed files

lessfile, lesspipe "input preprocessor" for less.

toc2cue converts a TOC files of cdrdao(1) into a .cue file

protocol

lsirq utility to display kernel interrupt information

bzcmp, bzdiff compare bzip2 compressed files

pr convert text files for printing

bogotune find optimum parameter settings for bogofilter

xdriinfo query configuration information of DRI drivers

gapplication D-Bus application launcher

zcmp, zdiff compare compressed files

bzip2, bunzip2 a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bzcat decompresses files to stdout
bzip2recover recovers data from damaged bzip2 files

mkfontdir create an index of X font files in a directory

whereis locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command

xdg-icon-resource command line tool for (un)installing icon resources

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

7z A file archiver with high compression ratio format

xmag magnify parts of the screen

ucf Update Configuration File: preserve user changes in configuration files

ippfind find internet printing protocol printers

driverless PPD generator utility for driverless printing

cd-fix-profile Color Manager Testing Tool

bogotune find optimum parameter settings for bogofilter

l2test L2CAP testing tool

locale get locale-specific information

bitmap, bmtoa, atobm bitmap editor and converter utilities for the X Window System

dbus-monitor debug probe to print message bus messages

fc-query query font files

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

tee read from standard input and write to standard output and files

viewres graphical class browser for Xt

sensible-editor sensible editing

join join lines of two files on a common field

rhythmbox music player and library for tagged files using GStreamer

xcalc scientific calculator for X

foomatic-rip Universal print filter/RIP wrapper

arecord, aplay command-line sound recorder and player for ALSA soundcard driver

mkfontscale create an index of scalable font files for X

kbxutil List, export, import Keybox data

gtk4-builder-tool GtkBuilder File Utility

kbdinfo obtain information about the status of a console

bogolexer Utility program for separating email messages into tokens

prlimit get and set process resource limits

grub-fstest debug tool for GRUB filesystem drivers

rstartd a sample implementation of a Remote Start rsh helper

sprof read and display shared object profiling data

p7zip Wrapper on 7-Zip file archiver with high compression ratio

sha512sum compute and check SHA512 message digest

host DNS lookup utility

eqn format equations for troff or MathML

apgbfm APG Bloom filter management program

ippeveprinter an ipp everywhere printer application for cups

dd convert and copy a file

xeyes a follow the mouse X demo

JxrDecApp JPEG XR Decoder Utility

gsettings GSettings configuration tool

aseqdump show the events received at an ALSA sequencer port

expiry check and enforce password expiration policy

gtk-update-icon-cache Icon theme caching utility

x11perfcomp X11 server performance comparison program

systemd-firstboot, systemd-firstboot.service Initialize basic system settings on or before the first boot-up of a system

bdftruncate generate truncated BDF font from ISO 10646-1-encoded BDF font

xvinfo Print out X-Video extension adaptor information

systemd-notify Notify service manager about start-up completion and other daemon status changes

This manual page documents version 5.44 of the

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

busctl Introspect the bus

discover-config — config script

grub-mkimage make a bootable image of GRUB

nsupdate dynamic DNS update utility

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

xdpyinfo display information utility for X

mesg display (or do not display) messages from other users

tzselect view timezones

pydoc3.11 the Python documentation tool

localedef compile locale definition files

xrdb X server resource database utility

bogoupgrade upgrades bogofilter database to current version

users print the user names of users currently logged in to the current host

pdfimages Portable Document Format (PDF) image extractor (version 3.03)

killall kill processes by name

gsf-vba-dump extract Visual Basic for Applications macros

chsh change login shell

dumpkeys dump keyboard translation tables

prtstat print statistics of a process

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

systemd-socket-activate Test socket activation of daemons

xdg-open opens a file or URL in the users preferred application

grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep print lines that match patterns

who show who is logged on

paperconf print paper configuration information

showkey examine the codes sent by the keyboard

ppdhtml cups html summary generator (deprecated)

lsipc show information on IPC facilities currently employed in the system

pygettext Python equivalent of xgettext(1)

select-editor select your default sensible-editor from all installed editors

xclipboard X clipboard client

adds private key identities to the authentication agent,

stty change and print terminal line settings

pinky lightweight finger

hexdump display file contents in hexadecimal, decimal, octal, or ascii

cd-it8 Color Manager Testing Tool

dircolors color setup for ls

py3versions print python3 version information

zforce force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files

delv DNS lookup and validation utility

firefox-esr a Web browser for X11 derived from the Mozilla browser

xlsclients list client applications running on a display

prezip, preunzip, precat prefix delta compressor for Aspell

pydoc3.11 the Python documentation tool

l2ping Send L2CAP echo request and receive answer

systemd-tty-ask-password-agent List or process pending systemd password requests

systemd-delta Find overridden configuration files

skill, snice send a signal or report process status

ionice set or get process I/O scheduling class and priority

df report file system space usage

sha224sum compute and check SHA224 message digest

mountpoint see if a directory or file is a mountpoint

xconsole monitor system console messages with X

zcmp, zdiff compare compressed files

xset user preference utility for X

tarcat concatenates the pieces of a GNU tar multi-volume archive

gcm-viewer GNOME Color Manager Profile Viewer Tool

diff3 compare three files line by line

MUTTER Clutter based compositing GTK2 Window Manager

xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff compare compressed files

xmore plain text display program for the X Window System

passwd change user password

pw-cat Play and record media with PipeWire

fwupdmgr — firmware update manager client utility

im-launch launch input method and execute session program

tracker-miner-fs-3 Used to crawl the file system to mine data.

xdg-open opens a file or URL in the users preferred application

chage change user password expiry information

tracker3-info Retrieve all information available for a certain file.

protocol

gcm-inspect GNOME Color Manager Inspect Tool

shotwell Digital photo manager

dig DNS lookup utility

tracker3-endpoint Create a SPARQL endpoint

more file perusal filter for crt viewing

PZSTD parallelized Zstandard compression, a la pigz

fc-cat read font information cache files

nl number lines of files

xlogo X Window System logo

Xserver X Window System display server

axfer command-line sound recorder and player for sound devices and nodes supported by Linux sound subsystem (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture, also known as ALSA).

discover — hardware detection utility

tput, reset initialize a terminal or query terminfo database

link call the link function to create a link to a file

loadkeys load keyboard translation tables

grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep print lines that match patterns

pw-top The PipeWire process viewer

aconnect ALSA sequencer connection manager

xdg-screensaver command line tool for controlling the screensaver

systemd-mount, systemd-umount Establish and destroy transient mount or auto-mount points

lp print files

tracker3-export Export all data from a Tracker database.

gtk4-query-settings Print name and value of GTK settings

scriptlive re-run session typescripts, using timing information

lp_solve a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) solver

gnome-keyring The gnome-keyring commandline tool

koi8rxterm X terminal emulator for KOI8-R environments

gvfsd-fuse Fuse daemon for gvfs

gtf calculate VESA GTF mode lines

pw-mon The PipeWire monitor

xzless, lzless view xz or lzma compressed (text) files

xditview display ditroff output

vimdiff edit between two and eight versions of a file with Vim and show differences

less opposite of more

prezip-bin prefix zip delta word list compressor/decompressor

grub-mkrescue make a GRUB rescue image

xmodmap utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in X

tracker-xdg-portal-3 Portal to Tracker endpoints

gnome-keyring-daemon The gnome-keyring daemon

xcutsel interchange between cut buffer and selection

prezip, preunzip, precat prefix delta compressor for Aspell

gpgsplit Split an OpenPGP message into packets

hostid print the numeric identifier for the current host

zless file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

col filter reverse line feeds from input

pwdx report current working directory of a process

numfmt Convert numbers from/to human-readable strings

rygel a collection of DLNA/UPnP AV services

bzgrep, bzfgrep, bzegrep search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression

hcitool Configure Bluetooth connections

axfer-transfer transferrer of audio data frame for sound devices and nodes.

linux-update-symlinks maintain symlinks to default kernel and initramfs

bogoutil Dumps, loads, and maintains bogofilter database files

cmp compare two files byte by byte

ps2pdfwr Convert PostScript to PDF without specifying CompatibilityLevel, using ghostscript

nano Nano's ANOther editor, inspired by Pico

tracker3-sql Use SQL to query the Tracker databases.

mawk pattern scanning and text processing language

dbus-uuidgen Utility to generate UUIDs

fgconsole print the number of the active VT.

ps2epsi generate conforming Encapsulated PostScript

gnome-keyring The gnome-keyring commandline tool

evince-previewer show a printing preview of PostScript and PDF documents

xsetmode set the mode for an X Input device

pon, poff, plog starts up, shuts down or lists the log of PPP connections

update-mime-database a program to build the Shared MIME-Info database cache

man an interface to the system reference manuals

sleep delay for a specified amount of time

tracker3-search Search for content by type or across all types

grep, egrep, fgrep, rgrep print lines that match patterns

lessecho expand metacharacters

cksum compute and verify file checksums

gsf-office-thumbnailer office files thumbnailer for the GNOME desktop

getfacl get file access control lists

systemd-run Run programs in transient scope units, service units, or path-, socket-, or timer-triggered service units

pmap report memory map of a process

ibus command line utility for ibus

nslookup query Internet name servers interactively

colrm remove columns from a file

memusagestat generate graphic from memory profiling data

bf_tar shell script to write a tar file of a bogofilter directory to stdout

gnome-session-inhibit inhibit gnome-session functionality

fusermount3 mount and unmount FUSE filesystems

clear clear the terminal screen

appstreamcli Handle AppStream metadata formats and query AppStream data

vim Vi IMproved, a programmer's text editor

grub-mkfont make GRUB font files

lesskey specify key bindings for less

bzip2, bunzip2 a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.8
bzcat decompresses files to stdout
bzip2recover recovers data from damaged bzip2 files

ipptool perform internet printing protocol requests

xgamma Alter a monitor's gamma correction through the X server

copies files between hosts on a network.

xrefresh refresh all or part of an X screen

alsatplg ALSA Topology Compiler

migrate-pubring-from-classic-gpg Migrate a public keyring from "classic" to "modern" GnuPG

Xwayland an X server for running X clients under Wayland.

run-mailcap, view, see, edit, compose, print execute programs via entries in the mailcap file

printf format and print data

xdg-email command line tool for sending mail using the users preferred e-mail composer

script make typescript of terminal session

pw-cat Play and record media with PipeWire

gsnd Run ghostscript (PostScript and PDF engine) without display

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

lcf Determine which of the historical versions of a config is installed

xbiff mailbox flag for X

gzexe compress executable files in place

env run a program in a modified environment

shuf generate random permutations

xdg-settings get various settings from the desktop environment

expand convert tabs to spaces

gnome-session-quit End the current GNOME session

tsort perform topological sort

sessreg manage utmpx/wtmpx entries for non-init clients

systemd-id128 Generate and print sd-128 identifiers

lsfd list file descriptors

echo display a line of text

pdb3.11 the Python debugger

nice run a program with modified scheduling priority

toe table of (terminfo) entries

pon, poff, plog starts up, shuts down or lists the log of PPP connections

xkbcomp compile XKB keyboard description

apt-ftparchive Utility to generate index files

xkbbell XKB extension user utility

pandoc general markup converter

psfaddtable add a Unicode character table to a console font

grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 generate hashed password for GRUB

memusage profile memory usage of a program

bf_copy shell script to copy a bogofilter working directory

generates, manages and converts authentication keys for

amixer command-line mixer for ALSA soundcard driver

xstdcmap X standard colormap utility

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

xbrlapi X11 BrlAPI helper for Linux/Unix

qmi-network Simple network management of QMI devices

qmicli Control QMI devices

mcookie generate magic cookies for xauth

csplit split a file into sections determined by context lines

ipcs show information on IPC facilities

fc-cache build font information cache files

xsm X Session Manager

bzmore, bzless file perusal filter for crt viewing of bzip2 compressed text

broadwayd Broadway display server

scanimage scan an image

xload system load average display for X

xgc X graphics demo

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

hex2hcd Broadcom Bluetooth firmware converter

cups a standards-based, open source printing system

bzgrep, bzfgrep, bzegrep search possibly bzip2 compressed files for a regular expression

man-recode convert manual pages to another encoding

factor factor numbers

pandoc-lua [options] [script [args]]

fallocate preallocate or deallocate space to a file

gnome-control-center Configure GNOME settings

desktop-file-install, desktop-file-edit Installation and edition of desktop files

gvfsd Main daemon for gvfs

mv move (rename) files

lpstat print cups status information

gnome-disk-image-mounter Attach and mount disk images

systemd, init systemd system and service manager

aspell-import import old personal dictionaries into GNU Aspell

tracker3-daemon Start, stop, restart and list daemons responsible for indexing content

yes output a string repeatedly until killed

cd-create-profile Color Manager Profile Creation Tool

\$1

xwd dump an image of an X window

ln make links between files

zgrep search possibly compressed files for a regular expression

7zr A file archiver with high compression ratio format

getent get entries from Name Service Switch libraries

chcon change file security context

unshare run program in new namespaces

psfstriptable remove the embedded Unicode character table from a console font

setxkbmap set the keyboard using the X Keyboard Extension

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

clear_console clear the console

rendercheck simple tests of the X Render extension.

pw-mididump The PipeWire MIDI dump

mkfifo make FIFOs (named pipes)

xwud image displayer for X

captoinfo convert a termcap description into a terminfo description

dbus-cleanup-sockets clean up leftover sockets in a directory

appres list X application resource database

pinentry-gnome3 PIN or pass-phrase entry dialog for GnuPG

logger enter messages into the system log

bluemoon Bluemoon configuration utility

xzmore, lzmore view xz or lzma compressed (text) files

sdptool control and interrogate SDP servers

bzexe compress executable files in place

xzgrep search compressed files for a regular expression

look display lines beginning with a given string

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

pw-cat Play and record media with PipeWire

zmore file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

tracker3-tag Add, remove and list tags.

groff front-end for the groff document formatting system

gpg OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

tabs set tabs on a terminal

amidi read from and write to ALSA RawMIDI ports

JxrEncApp JPEG XR Encoder Utility

pkcheck Check whether a process is authorized

xzcmp, xzdiff, lzcmp, lzdiff compare compressed files

mt control magnetic tape drive operation

base32 base32 encode/decode data and print to standard output

od dump files in octal and other formats

traceroute print the route packets trace to network host

zenity display GTK+ dialogs

file2brl Translate an xml or a text file into an embosser-ready braille file

pon, poff, plog starts up, shuts down or lists the log of PPP connections

nano Nano's ANOther editor, inspired by Pico

pw-cli The PipeWire Command Line Interface

pw-cat Play and record media with PipeWire

aplaymidi play Standard MIDI Files

libreoffice LibreOffice office suite

ico animate an icosahedron or other polyhedron

ibus-setup configuration program for ibus

unicode_stop revert keyboard and console from unicode mode

less opposite of more

openvt start a program on a new virtual terminal (VT).

nmtui Text User Interface for controlling NetworkManager

runuser run a command with substitute user and group ID

wc print newline, word, and byte counts for each file

chrt manipulate the real-time attributes of a process

report-hw dump information on the system's hardware

infocmp compare or print out terminfo descriptions

troff the troff processor of the groff text formatting system

systemd-measure Pre-calculate and sign expected TPM2 PCR values for booted unified kernel images

pkmon PackageKit console client

pic compile pictures for troff or TeX

gtk-query-settings Utility to print name and value of all GtkSettings properties

ciptool Bluetooth Common ISDN Access Profile (CIP)

gettext translate message

xz, unxz, xzcat, lzma, unlzma, lzcat Compress or decompress .xz and .lzma files

newgrp log in to a new group

grub-script-check check grub.cfg for syntax errors

groups print the groups a user is in

fc-list list available fonts

tracker3-sparql Use SparQL to query the Tracker databases.

codepage extract a codepage from an MSDOS codepage file

shred overwrite a file to hide its contents, and optionally delete it

run-mailcap, view, see, edit, compose, print execute programs via entries in the mailcap file

evince GNOME document viewer

apt-extracttemplates Utility to extract debconf config and templates from Debian packages

pipewire-pulse The PipeWire PulseAudio replacement

bc An arbitrary precision calculator language

dbus-send Send a message to a message bus

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

mbim-network Simple network management of MBIM devices

fuser identify processes using files or sockets

uname print system information

nm-applet network monitor and control GUI applet

nano Nano's ANOther editor, inspired by Pico

Xorg.wrap Xorg X server binary wrapper

funzip filter for extracting from a ZIP archive in a pipe

rmdir remove empty directories

dmesg print or control the kernel ring buffer

tset, reset terminal initialization

diff compare files line by line

cdrdao reads and writes CDs in disc-at-once mode

true do nothing, successfully

pw-metadata The PipeWire metadata

add-apt-repository Adds a repository into the /etc/apt/sources.list or /etc/apt/sources.list.d or removes an existing one

neqn format equations for ASCII output

gatttool tool for Bluetooth Low Energy device

tar an archiving utility

tbl format tables for troff

iconv convert text from one character encoding to another

gtk-launch Launch an application

gio-querymodules GIO module cache creation

gamma4scanimage create a gamma table for scanimage

gpg-zip encrypt or sign files into an archive

last, lastb show a listing of last logged in users

chfn change real user name and information

hciconfig Configure Bluetooth devices

ispell, buildhash, munchlist, findaffix, tryaffix, icombine, ijoin - Interactive spelling checking

is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of

dbus-daemon Message bus daemon

tracker3-index Index content using the Tracker filesystem miner

gtk-builder-tool GtkBuilder file utility

seq print a sequence of numbers

pkaction Get details about a registered action

mknod make block or character special files

gzip, gunzip, zcat compress or expand files

nm-online ask NetworkManager whether the network is connected

paste merge lines of files

bf_copy shell script to copy a bogofilter working directory

mount_namespaces overview of Linux mount namespaces

backend cups backend transmission interfaces

iso_8859-13 ISO 8859-13 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

wireless Wireless Tools and Wireless Extensions

sane Scanner Access Now Easy: API for accessing scanners

iso_8859-3 ISO 8859-3 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

posixoptions optional parts of the POSIX standard

sock_diag obtaining information about sockets

thread-keyring per-thread keyring

tc-hfcs Hierarchical Fair Service Curve

iso_8859-3 ISO 8859-3 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

XConsortium X Consortium information

x25 ITU-T X.25 / ISO-8208 protocol interface

iso_8859-1 ISO 8859-1 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

symlink symbolic link handling

UTF-8 an ASCII compatible multibyte Unicode encoding

iso_8859-10 ISO 8859-10 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

arp Linux ARP kernel module.

rtnetlink Linux routing socket

pipe overview of pipes and FIFOs

sigevent structure for notification from asynchronous routines

ip Linux IPv4 protocol implementation

pcap-filter packet filter syntax

sem_overview overview of POSIX semaphores

GnuPG The GNU Privacy Guard suite of programs

operator C operator precedence and order of evaluation

kernel_lockdown kernel image access prevention feature

bootup System bootup process

operator C operator precedence and order of evaluation

standards C and UNIX Standards

spufs SPU filesystem

termio System V terminal driver interface

feature_test_macros feature test macros

iso_8859-1 ISO 8859-1 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

libOpenCL, libOpenCL.so OCL-ICD implementation of OpenCL ICD loader

socket Linux socket interface

iso_8859-2 ISO 8859-2 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

inode file inode information

pcilib a library for accessing PCI devices

ipv6 Linux IPv6 protocol implementation

iso_8859-10 ISO 8859-10 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

stpcpy, strcpy, strcat, stpecpy, strlcpy, strlcat, stpncpy, strncpy, zustr2ustp, zustr2stp, strncat, ustpcpy, ustr2stp copying strings and character sequences

iso_8859-11 ISO 8859-11 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

Xsecurity X display access control

iso_8859-3 ISO 8859-3 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-1 ISO 8859-1 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

raw Linux IPv4 raw sockets

ascii ASCII character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

udev Dynamic device management

nptl Native POSIX Threads Library

xattr Extended attributes

attributes POSIX safety concepts

vdso overview of the virtual ELF dynamic shared object

bash-builtins bash built-in commands, see bash(1)

libOpenCL, libOpenCL.so OCL-ICD implementation of OpenCL ICD loader

iso_8859-16 ISO 8859-16 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

file-hierarchy File system hierarchy overview

pam_env PAM module to set/unset environment variables

iso_8859-9 ISO 8859-9 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

complex basics of complex mathematics

systemd.generator systemd unit generators

systemd.index List all manpages from the systemd project

koi8-r Russian character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-16 ISO 8859-16 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

When a program using the

cpuset confine processes to processor and memory node subsets

UPower System-wide Power Management

alsactl_init alsa control management initialization

iso_8859-7 ISO 8859-7 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

systemd-stub, sd-stub, linuxx64.efi.stub, linuxia32.efi.stub, linuxaa64.efi.stub A simple UEFI kernel boot stub

iso_8859-15 ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

uri, url, urn uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN

feature_test_macros feature test macros

aio POSIX asynchronous I/O overview

iso_8859-14 ISO 8859-14 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

daemon Writing and packaging system daemons

iso_8859-15 ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

user-session-keyring per-user default session keyring

iso_8859-9 ISO 8859-9 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-5 ISO 8859-5 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

ibus-emoji Call the IBus emoji utility by IBus Emojier

signal overview of signals

iso_8859-6 ISO 8859-6 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

regex POSIX.2 regular expressions

iso_8859-5 ISO 8859-5 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

uri, url, urn uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN

libc overview of standard C libraries on Linux

systemd.special Special systemd units

network_namespaces overview of Linux network namespaces

udp User Datagram Protocol for IPv4

inotify monitoring filesystem events

iso_8859-9 ISO 8859-9 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-13 ISO 8859-13 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

epoll I/O event notification facility

iso_8859-4 ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-7 ISO 8859-7 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-8 ISO 8859-8 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-16 ISO 8859-16 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

random overview of interfaces for obtaining randomness

filter cups file conversion filter interface

sched overview of CPU scheduling

iso_8859-14 ISO 8859-14 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

cp1252 CP 1252 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

time_namespaces overview of Linux time namespaces

XOrgFoundation X.Org Foundation information

nmcli-examples usage examples of nmcli

ippevepcl/ps pcl and postscript print commands for ippeveprinter

pthreads POSIX threads

unicode universal character set

systemd.environment-generator systemd environment file generators

bash-builtins bash built-in commands, see bash(1)

iso_8859-11 ISO 8859-11 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

unix sockets for local interprocess communication

sysvipc System V interprocess communication mechanisms

iso_8859-2 ISO 8859-2 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

XStandards X Window System Standards and Specifications

man macros to format man pages

netdevice low-level access to Linux network devices

charsets character set standards and internationalization

koi8-u Ukrainian character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

shm_overview overview of POSIX shared memory

UTF-8 an ASCII compatible multibyte Unicode encoding

bootparam introduction to boot time parameters of the Linux kernel

kernel-command-line Kernel command line parameters

udplite Lightweight User Datagram Protocol

ddp Linux AppleTalk protocol implementation

time overview of time and timers

futex fast user-space locking

credentials process identifiers

iso_8859-13 ISO 8859-13 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

keyrings in-kernel key management and retention facility

system_data_types overview of system data types

iso_8859-2 ISO 8859-2 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-1 ISO 8859-1 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-2 ISO 8859-2 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

uts_namespaces overview of Linux UTS namespaces

hier description of the filesystem hierarchy

uri, url, urn uniform resource identifier (URI), including a URL or URN

address_families socket address families (domains)

signal-safety async-signal-safe functions

boot System bootup process based on UNIX System V Release 4

xkeyboard-config XKB data description files

rtld-audit auditing API for the dynamic linker

fanotify monitoring filesystem events

notifier cups notification interface

systemd.journal-fields Special journal fields

mq_overview overview of POSIX message queues

iso_8859-3 ISO 8859-3 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-11 ISO 8859-11 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-10 ISO 8859-10 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

pkeys overview of Memory Protection Keys

iso_8859-11 ISO 8859-11 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

hostname hostname resolution description

ippevepcl/ps pcl and postscript print commands for ippeveprinter

systemd.system-credentials System Credentials

armscii-8 Armenian character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

PAM, pam Pluggable Authentication Modules for Linux

packet packet interface on device level

X a portable, network-transparent window system

iso_8859-13 ISO 8859-13 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

process-keyring per-process shared keyring

sysvipc System V interprocess communication mechanisms

pty pseudoterminal interfaces

apt-patterns Syntax and semantics of apt search patterns

gtk-options Standard Command Line Options for GTK Programs

cgroups Linux control groups

iso_8859-8 ISO 8859-8 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

systemd-stub, sd-stub, linuxx64.efi.stub, linuxia32.efi.stub, linuxaa64.efi.stub A simple UEFI kernel boot stub

term conventions for naming terminal types

iso_8859-14 ISO 8859-14 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-15 ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

Landlock unprivileged access-control

iso_8859-7 ISO 8859-7 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-4 ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

locale description of multilanguage support

cgroup_namespaces overview of Linux cgroup namespaces

initramfs-tools an introduction to writing scripts for mkinitramfs

iso_8859-4 ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

vsock Linux VSOCK address family

gvfs GIO virtual file system

hwdb Hardware Database

iso_8859-14 ISO 8859-14 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-6 ISO 8859-6 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

user-keyring per-user keyring

glob globbing pathnames

systemd.time Time and date specifications

fifo first-in first-out special file, named pipe

user_namespaces overview of Linux user namespaces

man-pages conventions for writing Linux man pages

systemd.directives Index of configuration directives

math_error detecting errors from mathematical functions

cp1251 CP 1251 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

wLog WinPR logging facility

capabilities overview of Linux capabilities

units decimal and binary prefixes

libc overview of standard C libraries on Linux

intro introduction to overview and miscellany section

regex POSIX.2 regular expressions

systemd.net-naming-scheme Network device naming schemes

session-keyring session shared process keyring

BPF-HELPERS list of eBPF helper functions

dconf A configuration system

PAM, pam Pluggable Authentication Modules for Linux

suffixes list of file suffixes

ipc_namespaces overview of Linux IPC namespaces

environ user environment

icmp Linux IPv4 ICMP kernel module.

iso_8859-15 ISO 8859-15 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

persistent-keyring per-user persistent keyring

netlink communication between kernel and user space (AF_NETLINK)

pid_namespaces overview of Linux PID namespaces

libsmbclient An extension library for browsers and that can be used as a generic browsing API.

queue implementations of linked lists and queues

numa overview of Non-Uniform Memory Architecture

X.Org, XProjectTeam X.Org Group information

iso_8859-6 ISO 8859-6 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

mailaddr mail addressing description

iso_8859-5 ISO 8859-5 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-9 ISO 8859-9 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

pam_selinux PAM module to set the default security context

systemd.offline-updates Implementation of offline updates in systemd

namespaces overview of Linux namespaces

iso_8859-16 ISO 8859-16 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

tcp TCP protocol

path_resolution how a pathname is resolved to a file

iso_8859-4 ISO 8859-4 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-10 ISO 8859-10 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

iso_8859-8 ISO 8859-8 character set encoded in octal, decimal, and hexadecimal

systemd.syntax General syntax of systemd configuration files